Editing Athaulf (section)

==Life==
He was unanimously elected to the throne to succeed his brother-in-law [[Alaric I|Alaric]], who had been struck down by a fever suddenly in [[Calabria]]. King Athaulf's first act was to halt Alaric's southward expansion of the Goths in Italy.

Meanwhile, [[Gaul]] had been separated from the [[Western Roman Empire]] by the usurper [[Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)|Constantine III]]. So in 411 [[Constantius III|Constantius]], the ''[[magister militum]]'' (master of military) of the western emperor, [[Flavius Augustus Honorius]], with Gothic auxiliaries under [[Ulfilas (military leader)|Ulfilas]], crushed the Gallic rebellion with a siege of [[Arles]]. There Constantine and his son were offered an honorable capitulation&mdash; but were beheaded in September on their way to pay homage to Honorius at [[Ravenna]].

In the spring of 412 Constantius pressed Athaulf. Taking the advice of [[Priscus Attalus]]—the former emperor whom Alaric had set up at Rome in opposition to Honorius at [[Ravenna]], and who had remained with the Visigoths after he'd been deposed—Athaulf led his followers out of Italy. Moving north into a momentarily pacified Gaul, the Visigoths lived off the countryside in the usual way. Athaulf may have received some additional encouragement in the form of payments in gold from the Emperor Honorius—since Athaulf carried with him as a respected hostage the emperor's half-sister [[Galla Placidia]], who had long been his captive.

Once in Gaul, Athaulf opened negotiations with a new usurper, the Gallic [[Jovinus]]. But while on his way to meet Jovinus, Athaulf came across [[Sarus the Goth|Sarus]] and some of his men. Athaulf attacked, captured, and later executed Sarus, continuing the feud between their families that had begun with Sarus and Alaric.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Goths and Romans: 332-489|last=Heather|first=Peter|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1991|location=Oxford|pages=198}}</ref> Jovinus then named his brother [[Sebastianus]] (Sebastian) as Augustus (co-emperor). This offended Athaulf, who hadn't been consulted. So he allied his Visigoths with [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]]. Jovinus' troops were defeated in battle, [[Sebastianus]] was captured, and Jovinus fled for his life. Athaulf then turned Sebastianus over for execution to Honorius' Gallic praetorian prefect (provincial governor), [[Claudius Postumus Dardanus]]. After this, Athaulf besieged and captured Jovinus at Valentia ([[Valence, Drôme|Valence]]) in 413, sending him to Narbo ([[Narbonne]]), where he was executed by Dardanus.

The heads of Sebastianus and Jovinus arrived at Honorius' court in [[Ravenna]] in late August, to be sent forward for displaying among other usurpers on the walls of [[Carthage]]. Despite coming to terms with Honorius, their relationship soon deteriorated due to a new conflict caused by the [[War of Heraclianus]] in Africa. Heraclianus stopped the grain shipments from Africa, which prevented the emperor from delivering on his promise to provide the Visigoths in Gaul. Athaulf, in turn, refused to release Galla Placidia and his army resumed their hostilities against the Romans, taking the cities of Narbonne, Tolosa and Burdígala (present-day Bordeaux). In an attempt to conquer the city of Marseille, Ataulf was injured in a Roman attack led by [[Bonifatius]]. 

Nevertheless the relations between Athaulf and Honorius improved sufficiently for Athaulf to cement them by marrying [[Galla Placidia]] at [[Narbo]] in January 414, but [[Jordanes]] says he married her in Italy, at [[Forlì]] (Forum Livii).<ref>Jordanes, ''Historia Gothorum'', XXXI.</ref> The nuptials were celebrated with high Roman festivities and magnificent gifts from the Gothic booty. Priscus Attalus gave the wedding speech, a classical [[epithalamium]].

Under Athaulf's rule, the Visigoths couldn't be said to be masters of a settled kingdom until Athaulf took possession of [[Narbonne]] and [[Toulouse]] in 413. Although Athaulf remained an [[Arianism|Arian Christian]], his relationship with Roman culture was summed up, from a Catholic Roman perspective, by the words that the contemporary Christian apologist [[Paulus Orosius|Orosius]] put into his mouth, Athaulf's Declaration:

:"At first I wanted to erase the Roman name and convert all Roman territory into a Gothic empire: I longed for Romania to become Gothia, and Athaulf to be what Caesar Augustus had been. But long experience has taught me that the ungoverned wildness of the Goths will never submit to laws, and that without law a state is not a state. Therefore I have more prudently chosen the different glory of reviving the Roman name with Gothic vigour, and I hope to be acknowledged by posterity as the initiator of a Roman restoration, since it is impossible for me to alter the character of this Empire"<ref>Orosius, ''Historiae adversum paganos'' (vii.43.4-6), translated in Stephen Williams, ''Diocletian and the Roman Recovery'', Routledge, 1985, 2000, p. 218)</ref>

Honorius's general Constantius (who would later become Emperor [[Constantius III]]), poisoned official relations with Athaulf and gained permission to blockade the [[Mediterranean]] ports of [[Gaul]]. In reply, Athaulf acclaimed Priscus Attalus as Augustus in [[Bordeaux]] in 414. But Constantius' naval blockade was successful and, in 415, Athaulf withdrew with his people into northern [[Hispania]]. Attalus fled, fell into the hands of Constantius, and was banished to the island of [[Lipari]].

Galla Placidia traveled with Athaulf. Their son, Theodosius, died in infancy and was buried in Hispania in a silver-plated coffin,<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2004/2004-07-48.html | title=Review of: Silver and Society in Late Antiquity. Functions and Meanings of Silver Plate in the Fourth to the Seventh Centuries | journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review }}</ref> thus eliminating an opportunity for a Romano-Visigothic line.