Editing Asti (section)

== History ==
=== Ancient times and early Middle Ages ===
People have lived in and around what is now Asti since the [[Neolithic]] period. Before their defeat in 174 BC by the Romans, tribes of [[Ligures]], the [[Statielli]], dominated the area and the [[toponym]] probably derives from ''Ast'' which means "hill" in the ancient [[Celtic language]].

In 124 BC the Romans built a ''[[castrum]]'', or fortified camp, which eventually evolved into a full city named Hasta. In 89 BC the city received the status of ''[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]'', and in 49 BC that of ''[[municipium]]''. Asti became an important city of the Augustan [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Regio IX]], favoured by its strategic position on the Tanaro river and on the [[Via Fulvia]], which linked Derthona ([[Tortona]]) to Augusta Taurinorum ([[Turin]]). Other roads connected the city to the main passes for what are today [[Switzerland]] and [[France]].

The city was crucial during the early stages of the barbarian invasions which stormed Italy during the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. In early 402 AD, the [[Visigoths]] had invaded northern Italy and were advancing on [[Mediolanum]] (modern [[Milan]]) which was the imperial capital at that time. [[Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]], the young emperor and a resident in that city, unable to wait for promised reinforcements any longer, was compelled to flee from Milan for safety in the city of [[Arles]] in [[Gaul]]. However, just after his convoy had left Milan and crossed the [[River Po]] his escape route through the [[Alps]] was cut off by the Gothic cavalry. This forced him to take emergency refuge in the city of Hasta until more Roman troops could be assembled in Italy. The Goths placed Hasta under siege until March when General [[Stilicho]], bringing reinforcements from the [[Rhine]], fought and defeated them at the [[Battle of Pollentia]]. After this first victorious defence, thanks to a massive line of walls, Hasta suffered from the barbarian invasions which stormed Italy after the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire|Western Empire]], and declined economically.

In the second half of the 6th century, it was chosen as a seat for one of the 36 Duchies in which the [[Lombards]] divided Italy. The territory of Asti comprised a wide area, stretching out to [[Albenga]] and the [[Maritime Alps]]. This remained when northern Italy was conquered by the [[Franks]] in 774, with the title of County.

In the late Carolingian age, Asti was ruled directly by his bishops, who were the main landlords of the area. Most important are Audax (904-926) and Bruningus (937-966), who moved the episcopal seat to the Castel Vecchio ("Old Castle"), where it remained until 1409. The [[bishopric of Asti]] remained a powerful entity well into the 11th century when Pietro II received huge privileges by emperor [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]]. In the second half of the century, Bishop Otto tried to resist the aims of the powerful countess [[Adelaide of Susa]], who damaged the city several times. During Otto's reign, a [[medieval commune|commune]] and the [[consul]] magistrates are mentioned for the first time (1095).

=== Local power ===

Asti was one of the first [[Medieval commune|free communes]] of Italy, and in 1140 received the right to mint coins of its own by [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Empire|Conrad II]]. As the commune, however, had begun to erode the lands of the bishop and other local feudatories, the latter sued for help to [[Frederick Barbarossa]], who presented under the [[Asti City Walls|city walls]] with a huge army in February 1155. After a short siege, Asti was stormed and burnt. Subsequently, Asti adhered to the [[Lombard League]] (1169) against the German emperor, but was again defeated in 1174. Despite this, after the [[Peace of Constance]] (1183), the city gained further privileges.

The 13th century saw the peak of the Astigiani economic and cultural splendour, only momentarily hindered by wars against [[Alba, Piedmont|Alba]], [[Alessandria]], [[Savoy]], [[Milan]] (which besieged the city in 1230) and the [[Marquess of Montferrat|Marquesses of Montferrat]] and [[Saluzzo]]. In particular, the commune aimed to gain control over the lucrative trade routes leading northwards from the Ligurian ports. In this period, the rise of the [[Casane Astigiane]] resulted in contrasting political familial alliances of [[Guelph and Ghibelline]] supporters. During the wars led by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in northern Italy, the city chose his side: Asti was defeated by the Guelphs of Alessandria at Quattordio and Clamandrana, but thanks to [[Genoa|Genoese]] help, it recovered easily. After Frederick's death, the struggle against [[Thomas II of Savoy]] became fierce: the Astigiani defeated him on 23 February 1255, at the [[Battle of Montebruno]], but Thomas (who had been taken prisoner) replied ordering all traders from Asti to be arrested in [[Savoy]] and [[France]]. This move showed worry on the part of Asti's neighbouring states over the excessive power gained by the city, which had captured Alba and controlled both [[Chieri]] and Turin.

This state of affairs led to the intervention of [[Charles I of Anjou]], then King of Naples and the most powerful man in Italy. After some [[guerrilla]] actions, Asti signed a pact of alliance with [[Pavia]], [[Genoa]] and [[William VII of Montferrat]]. In 1274 the Astigiani troops were defeated at the [[Battle of Cassano (1259)|Battle of Cassano]], but, on 12 December 1275, were victorious over the Angevins at the [[Battle of Roccavione]], ending Charles' attempt to expand in Piedmont. In the 1290s, after William VII had also been defeated, Asti was the most powerful city in Piedmont. However, internal struggles for the control of trading and banking enterprises soon divided the city into factions. The most prominent faction was the powerful bankers of the Solari family, who, in 1314, gave the city to king [[Robert of Naples]].

In 1339, [[Ghibelline]] exiles recaptured the city, expelling the Solari and their Neopolitan allies. Shortly thereafter in 1340, [[Luchino Visconti (died 1349)|Luchino Visconti, Lord of Milan]] took control of Asti, an act which the rulers of the commune formally accepted in 1342 to protect against the potential of a Solari counteroffensive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Colussi |first1=Paolo |last2=Tolfo |first2=Maria Grazia |title=Chronology of Milan from 1326 to 1350 |url=https://www.storiadimilano.it/cron/dal1326al1350.htm |website=Storia di Milano |publisher=Storiadimilano di Paolo Colussi e Mariagrazia Tolfo |access-date=4 March 2025 |date=2012}}</ref> To protect the new burgs of the city, Visconti built a citadel and a second ring of walls. In 1345, at the [[Battle of Gamenario]], the Ghibelline Astigiani and [[John II of Montferrat]] defeated the Neapolitans in a clash between Guelph forces from the Kingdom of Naples and the Ghibellines supported by the Lombard communes. After the Battle of Gamenario, John II expanded the territory of Montferrat and ultimately in 1356 took Asti from the Visconti ending 16 years of control by Milan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ferraris |first1=Carlo |title=History of Monferrato, the origins, the marquisate, the duchy |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221447/http://www.ilmonferrato.info/storia/storia2.htm |website=Wayback Machine |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=17 February 2025 |language=Italian}}</ref> John ruled over Asti until 1372, but seven years later the city council submitted to [[Galeazzo II Visconti]]'s authority. Later in 1389, when Galeazzo's daughter [[Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans|Valentina Visconti]] marries [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans]], Asti will be included as part of her dowry.

=== French and Savoyard domination ===
With the exception of several brief periods under Visconti, Montferrat and [[Sforza]] rule, Asti remained under Valois control; it eventually became a direct subject of the [[France|French Crown]]. The situation changed in the early 16th century, during the wars between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and [[Francis I of France]]. In 1526 it was besieged in vain by Charles' condottiero [[Fabrizio Maramaldo]]. Three years later, Asti was conveyed as a result of the [[Treaty of Cambrai]] to the Holy Roman Empire by which it was ruled until 1531 when Emperor Charles V gave the territory as a fiefdom to his cousin [[Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy]]. Later at the time of Beatrice's death in 1538, Asti was inherited by her son and included on the Savoys' heritage. 

Asti was one of the main Savoyard strongholds in later wars. In 1616, besieged by the Spanish governor of Milan, it was defended by Duke [[Charles Emmanuel I]] himself. In 1630–31, the city suffered a high mortality rate from an outbreak of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. Some years later Asti was conquered by the Spanish, although Savoy regained the city in 1643. Another unsuccessful Spanish siege occurred in 1650. In November 1703, during the [[War of Spanish Succession]], Asti fell to France again; it was reconquered in 1705 by [[Victor Amadeus II of Savoy|Victor Amadeus II]]. In 1745 French troops invaded the city once more, but it was liberated the following year.

[[File:Asti Cathedral.jpg|thumb|The cathedral of Asti]]
[[File:Asti Antonio Bignoli 1857.jpg|thumb|right|View of Asti and the Collegiata di San Secondo – Antonio Bignoli 1857.]]
In 1797 the Astigiani, enraged by the continuous military campaigns and by their resulting poor economic situation, revolted against the Savoyard government. On July 28 the Repubblica Astese was declared. However, it was suppressed only two days later. The revolutionary chiefs were arrested and executed. The following year the Savoyards were expelled from Piedmont by the [[napoleonic Wars|French revolutionary army]], and Asti was occupied by general Montrichard. After a short reversal, the French returned after the victory at [[battle of Marengo|Marengo]] (1800) near to Alessandra. [[Napoleon]] himself visited Asti on 29 April 1805, but was received rather coldly by the citizens. The city was demoted and incorporated with Alessandra under the department of Marengo. After the end of the French empire, Asti returned to [[Piedmont]] in 1814; the city followed Piedmontese history until the unification of Italy in 1861.