Editing Asthma (section)

==Signs and symptoms==
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Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes symptomes of [[wheezing]], [[shortness of breath]], [[chest tightness]], and [[cough]]ing.<ref name="GINA2011p2">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=2–5}}</ref> [[Sputum]] may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up.<ref>{{cite book |veditors=Jindal SK |title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine |publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers |location=New Delhi |date=2011 |isbn=978-93-5025-073-0 |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA242 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424073023/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA242 |archive-date=April 24, 2016 }}</ref> During recovery from an [[#Asthma exacerbation|asthma attack (exacerbation)]], the sputum may appear [[Pus|pus-like]] due to high levels of white blood cells called [[eosinophils]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=George RB |title=Chest Medicine: Essentials of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine |date=2005 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-5273-2 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA62 |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505195821/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlX2zJMbdgC&pg=PA62 |archive-date=May 5, 2016 }}</ref> Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air.<ref name=bts2009p14>{{harvnb|British Guideline|2009|p=14}}</ref> Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may react frequently and readily and experience persistent symptoms.<ref name="GINA2011_p8-9">{{harvnb|GINA|2011|pp=8–9}}</ref>

===Associated conditions===
A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in people with asthma, including [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (GERD), [[rhinosinusitis]], and [[obstructive sleep apnea]].<ref name=Boulet2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boulet LP | title = Influence of Comorbid Conditions on Asthma | journal = The European Respiratory Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 897–906 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19336592 | doi = 10.1183/09031936.00121308 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Psychological disorders are also more common,<ref name="Boulay2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boulet LP, Boulay MÈ | title = Asthma-related comorbidities | journal = Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–393 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21702660 | doi = 10.1586/ers.11.34 | doi-access = free }}</ref> with [[anxiety disorder]]s occurring in between 16 and 52% and [[mood disorder]]s in 14–41%.<ref name="Andrew2010">{{cite book| veditors = Harver A, Kotses H |title=Asthma, Health and Society: A Public Health Perspective |date=2010 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-0-387-78285-0 |page=315 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkP8_h_ewLMC&pg=PA315|access-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> It is not known whether asthma causes psychological problems or psychological problems lead to asthma.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas M, Bruton A, Moffat M, Cleland J | title = Asthma and psychological dysfunction | journal = Primary Care Respiratory Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 250–256 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21674122 | pmc = 6549858 | doi = 10.4104/pcrj.2011.00058 }}</ref> Current asthma, but not former asthma, is associated with increased all-cause mortality, heart disease mortality, and chronic lower respiratory tract disease mortality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = He X, Cheng G, He L, Liao B, Du Y, Xie X, Zhang S, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Adults with current asthma but not former asthma have higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 1329 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 33446724 | pmc = 7809422 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-79264-4 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..11.1329H }}</ref> Asthma, particularly severe asthma, is strongly associated with development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).<ref name="Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in">{{cite journal | vauthors = Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, Barbee RA | title = Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study | journal = Chest | volume = 126 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–65 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15249443 | doi = 10.1378/chest.126.1.59 }}</ref><ref name="Asthma, COPD and overlap syndrome">{{cite journal | vauthors = de Marco R, Marcon A, Rossi A, Antó JM, Cerveri I, Gislason T, Heinrich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Kuenzli N, Leynaert B, Probst-Hensch N, Svanes C, Wjst M, Burney P | display-authors = 6 | title = Asthma, COPD and overlap syndrome: a longitudinal study in young European adults | journal = The European Respiratory Journal | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 671–679 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26113674 | doi = 10.1183/09031936.00008615 | s2cid = 2169875 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gibson PG, McDonald VM | title = Asthma-COPD overlap 2015: now we are six | journal = Thorax | volume = 70 | issue = 7 | pages = 683–691 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25948695 | doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206740 | s2cid = 38550372 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Those with asthma, especially if it is poorly controlled, are at increased risk for [[radiocontrast]] reactions.<ref>{{cite book |veditors=Thomsen HS, Webb JA |title=Contrast media: safety issues and ESUR guidelines.|date=2014|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-3-642-36724-3|pages = 54|edition=Third|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1O-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54}}</ref>

[[Tooth decay|Cavities]] occur more often in people with asthma.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Agostini BA, Collares KF, Costa FD, Correa MB, Demarco FF | title = The role of asthma in caries occurrence – meta-analysis and meta-regression | journal = The Journal of Asthma | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 841–852 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 29972654 | doi = 10.1080/02770903.2018.1493602 | s2cid = 49694304 }}</ref> This may be related to the effect of [[Beta2-adrenergic agonist|beta{{sub|2}}-adrenergic agonists]] decreasing saliva.<ref name=Tho2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas MS, Parolia A, Kundabala M, Vikram M | title = Asthma and Oral Health: A Review | journal = Australian Dental Journal | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 128–133 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20604752 | doi = 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01226.x | doi-access =  }}</ref> These medications may also decrease the risk of [[dental erosion]]s.<ref name="Tho2010" />