Editing Artur Schnabel (section)

==Life and work==

===Early years===
Born Aaron Schnabel in [[Lipnik, Bielsko-Biała|Lipnik (Kunzendorf)]] near [[Bielsko-Biała]], [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (today a part of [[Poland]]),<ref name=mylifeandmusic>
{{cite book
|first=Artur
|last=Schnabel
|title= My Life And Music
|location=New York & London
|publisher=Dover/Smythe
|orig-year=1961 |year=1988}}</ref><ref name=musiker>{{cite book
|title= Artur Schnabel: Musiker 1882-1951, Archives of the Akademie der Künste, Berlin
|location=Berlin
|publisher=Wolke-Verlag
|year=2001
}}</ref> he was the youngest of three children born to Isidor Schnabel, a textile merchant, and his wife, Ernestine Taube (née Labin). He had two sisters, Clara and Frieda.<ref name=musiker/><ref name=cesar>{{cite book
|first=Cesar
|last=Saerchinger
|title=Arthur Schnabel: A Biography
|location=New York
|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.
|year=1957
}}</ref> His family was Jewish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Mi-So/Schnabel-Artur.html|title = Artur Schnabel Biography - life, family, children, name, story, wife, mother, born, tall, time|website=Notablebiographies.com}}</ref>

When the boy was two, Schnabel's parents moved the family to [[Vienna]] in 1884 for the benefit of young Schnabel whom his mother recalls as showing a natural gift for music.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2020 |title=Experience the life, inspirations and iconic recordings of pianist Artur Schnabel |url=https://www.abc.net.au/classic/programs/legends/legends/12956708 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=ABC}}</ref> Schnabel began learning the piano at the age of four, when he took a spontaneous interest in his eldest sister Clara's piano lessons. At the age of six, he began piano lessons under Professor Hans Schmitt of the Vienna Conservatorium (today the [[University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna]]). Three years later he began studying under [[Theodor Leschetizky]].<ref name=musiker/><ref name=cesar/><ref>''88 notes pour piano solo'', [[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]], Neva Editions, 2015, p. 356. {{ISBN|978-2-3505-5192-0}}</ref> The teacher once said to him, "You will never be a pianist; you are a musician." He allowed Schnabel to leave [[Liszt]]'s ''Hungarian Rhapsodies'' and concentrate instead on [[Schubert]]'s sonatas, which had been widely neglected up to that point.<ref>William Glock and Stephen Plaistow. "Schnabel, Artur." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed July 1, 2016</ref>

===Leschetizky years===
Schnabel studied under Leschetizky's tutelage for seven years, between 1891 and 1897. Co-students of Leschetizky during that period included [[Ossip Gabrilowitsch]], [[Mark Hambourg]], and [[Ignaz Friedman]].

Initially, for his first year under Leschetizky, Schnabel was given rigorous preparatory technical tuition from [[Anna Yesipova]] (Leschetizky's second wife and a famous pianist in her own right) and also from Malwine Bree, who was Leschetizky's assistant.<ref name=cesar/>  From age ten, he participated in all of Leschetizky's classes.<ref name=mylifeandmusic/>

Following a failed initial approach to [[Anton Bruckner]], Schnabel studied music theory and composition under [[Eusebius Mandyczewski]]. Mandyczewski was an assistant to [[Johannes Brahms]], and through him Schnabel was introduced to Brahms' circle. He often was in the great composer's presence. The young Schnabel once heard Brahms play in a performance of his [[Piano Quartet No. 1 (Brahms)|first piano quartet]]; for all the missed notes, said Schnabel, it "was in the true grand manner."<ref name=mylifeandmusic/>

Schnabel made his official concert debut in 1897, at the [[Bösendorfer-Saal]] in Vienna. Later that same year, he gave a series of concerts in [[Budapest]], [[Prague]] and [[Brno]].<ref name=musiker/>

===Berlin years===

Schnabel moved to [[Berlin]] in 1898, making his debut there with a concert at the [[C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik|Bechstein-Saal]].<ref name=musiker/> Following [[World War I]], Schnabel also toured widely, visiting the United States, [[Russia]] and England.

He gained initial fame thanks to orchestral concerts he gave under the conductor [[Arthur Nikisch]] as well as playing in [[chamber music]] and accompanying his future wife, the [[alto|contralto]] [[Therese Behr]], in [[Lied]]er.

In chamber music, he founded the Schnabel Trio with the violinist [[Alfred Wittenberg]] and the cellist [[Anton Hekking]]; they played together between 1902 and 1904. In 1905, he formed a second Schnabel Trio with [[Carl Flesch]] (with whom he also played violin [[sonata]]s) and the cellist [[Jean Gérardy]]. In 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, Gérardy (a Belgian) left the trio as he could no longer remain in Germany. He was replaced by [[Hugo Becker]] and this became the third Schnabel Trio.

Later, Schnabel also played in a quartet with violinist [[Bronisław Huberman]], composer/violist [[Paul Hindemith]] and the cellist [[Gregor Piatigorsky]] (with whom he also played and recorded [[cello]] sonatas). Schnabel also played with a number of other famous musicians including the violinist [[Joseph Szigeti]] and the cellists [[Pablo Casals]] and [[Pierre Fournier]].

He was friends of, and played with, the most distinguished conductors of the day, including [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]], [[Bruno Walter]], [[Otto Klemperer]], [[George Szell]], [[Willem Mengelberg]], and [[Adrian Boult]].

From 1925 Schnabel taught at the Berlin State Academy, where his masterclasses brought him great renown. For his piano students, {{See LMST|Artur|Schnabel}}

===Later years===

{{ external media | float = right|width=290px |audio1 = You may listen to Artur Schnabel performing [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s Piano Concerto No. 27 in B flat major, K. 595 with [[John Barbirolli]] conducting the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] in 1934  [https://archive.org/details/Mozart.PianoConcertoNo.27 '''here on archive.org''']}}
Schnabel, who was [[Jew]]ish, left Berlin in 1933 after the [[Nazi Party]] took control. He lived in England for a time while giving masterclasses at [[Tremezzo]] on [[Lake Como]] in [[Italy]], before moving to the United States in 1939. In 1944, he became a [[naturalization|naturalized citizen]] of the United States. There he took a teaching post at the [[University of Michigan]]. Among his pupils in Michigan was composer [[Sam Raphling]]. At the end of [[World War II]] he returned to Europe, settling in Switzerland.

His mother Ernestine Taube remained in Vienna after the [[Anschluss]], and at the age of 83, in August 1942, was deported to [[Theresienstadt concentration camp]], where she died two months later. Artur Schnabel never returned to Germany or Austria after the war. He continued to give concerts on both sides of the Atlantic until the end of his life, as well as composing and continuing to make records, although he was never very fond of the whole studio process. He died in Axenstein, [[Switzerland]], and was buried in [[Schwyz]], Switzerland. Schnabel was awarded the [[Order of Prince Danilo I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=364}}</ref>

===Family===

In 1899, when Schnabel was 17, his daughter [[Elizabeth Rostra]] was born in the Czech city of [[Brno]]. The offspring from a youthful love affair, Elizabeth became a pianist and piano pedagogue, was married to a psychoanalyst and died in Switzerland in 1995.  
[[File:SchnabelFamilyGrave-FriedhofSchwyz RomanDeckert15012024-02.jpg|thumb|The family-grave in January 2024.]]
In 1905, Artur Schnabel married the contralto and Lieder singer [[Therese Behr]] (1876–1959). They had two sons, [[Karl Ulrich Schnabel]] (1909–2001) who also became a classical pianist and renowned piano teacher, and [[Stefan Schnabel]] (1912–1999), who became a well regarded actor. The Schnabel family kept a lifelong, close relationship with Artur Schnabel's daughter from his teenage relationship, Elizabeth Rostra.

His wife, son Karl Ulrich and his wife Helen, née Fogel (1911–1974), a pianist from the US, and their grandson [[Claude Alain Mottier]] (1972–2002), who was a pianist as well and died as the innocent victim of a traffic accident,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Claude Alain Mottier |url=https://schnabelmusicfoundation.com/musicians/claude-alain-mottier |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Schnabel Music Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> were buried in Artur's grave as well. In 2006, the municipality of the town of Schwyz declared the tomb a monument. This exempts the grave site from the regulations that stipulate the removal of the remains after a certain period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is the Schnabel Grave Site |url=https://schnabelmusicfoundation.com/where-is-the-schnabel-grave-site |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Schnabel Music Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>