Editing Arthur Miller (section)

== Early life and education ==
Miller was born in the [[Harlem]] area of Manhattan Island, the second of three children of Augusta (Barnett) and Isidore Miller. He was born into a [[Jews|Jewish]] family of [[Polish Jews|Polish-Jewish]] descent.<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Ratcliffe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/12/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries|title=Arthur Miller|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 12, 2005|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Gerri|last=Miller|url=http://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/231886/daughter-documents-inner-arthur-miller/|title=Daughter Documents the Inner Arthur Miller|work=Jewish Journal|date=March 14, 2018|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Stewart|last=Kampel|url=http://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2013/09/19/qa-rebecca-miller/|title=Q&A with Rebecca Miller|work=Hadassah Magazine|date=September 19, 2013|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=James|last=Campbell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/jul/26/theatre.artsfeatures|title=Arthurian legends|work=The Guardian|date=July 26, 2003|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112459/http://joi.org/blog/?p=14 Arthur Miller's Intermarriages]}} Golin, Paul. Published February 16, 2005. Accessed December 12, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://forward.com/the-assimilator/168486/marilyn-monroes-jewish-wedding-cover-up/ "Marilyn Monroe's Jewish Wedding 'Cover Up'"] Ghert-Zand, Renee. Published December 28, 2012.  Accessed December 12, 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160220194906/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-98672556.html "A World in Which Everything Hurts; Arthur Miller's Struggle With Jewish Identity May Be Responsible for His Best Work"] Eden, Ami. Published July 30, 2004. Accessed December 12, 2015.</ref> His father was born in [[Radomyśl Wielki]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]] (then part of [[Austria-Hungary]], now Poland), and his mother was a native of New York whose parents also arrived from that town.<ref>Arthur Miller, ''Timebends: A Life'', A&C Black, 2012. p. 539.</ref> Isidore owned a women's clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a well respected man in the community.<ref>BBC TV Interview; Miller and Yentob; 'Finishing the Picture,' 2004</ref> The family, including Miller's younger sister [[Joan Copeland]], lived on West<ref>Miller, Arthur (June 22, 1998) [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1998/06/22/1998_06_22_144_TNY_LIBRY_000015831?currentPage=all American Summer: Before Air-Conditioning]. ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Retrieved on October 30, 2013.</ref> [[110th Street (Manhattan)|110th Street]] in Manhattan, owned a summer house in [[Far Rockaway, Queens]], and employed a chauffeur.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Garner |first=Dwight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/books/03garn.html |title=Miller: Life before and after Marilyn |work=The New York Times |date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=December 18, 2011}}</ref> In the [[Wall Street crash of 1929]], the family lost almost everything and moved to [[Gravesend, Brooklyn]].<ref name="Times_obit">The Times Arthur Miller Obituary, (London: The Times, 2005)</ref> According to [[Peter Applebome]], they moved to [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]].<ref>Applebome, Peter. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E7DA1E39F93AA15752C0A96F958260 "Present at the Birth of a Salesman"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 29, 1999. Accessed February 8, 2019. "Mr. Miller was born in Harlem in 1915 and then moved with his family to the Midwood section of Brooklyn."</ref>

As a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> Miller later published an account of his early years under the title "A Boy Grew in Brooklyn". After graduating in 1932 from [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn)|Abraham Lincoln High School]], he worked at several menial jobs to pay for his college tuition at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="Times_obit" /><ref>Hechinger, Fred M. [https://www.nytimes.com/1980/01/01/archives/about-education-personal-touch-helps-about-education-personal-touch.html "Personal Touch Helps"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 1980. Accessed September 20, 2009. "Lincoln, an ordinary, unselective New York City high school, is proud of a galaxy of prominent alumni, who include the playwright Arthur Miller, Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, the authors Joseph Heller and Ken Auletta, the producer Mel Brooks, the singer Neil Diamond and the songwriter Neil Sedaka."</ref> After graduation ({{circa|1936}}), he worked as a psychiatric aide and copywriter before accepting faculty posts at [[New York University]] and [[University of New Hampshire]]. On May 1, 1935, he joined the [[League of American Writers]] (1935–1943), whose members included [[Alexander Trachtenberg]] of [[International Publishers]], [[Franklin Folsom]], [[Louis Untermeyer]], [[I. F. Stone]], [[Myra Page]], [[Millen Brand]], [[Lillian Hellman]] and [[Dashiell Hammett]]. Members were largely either [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] members or [[fellow travelers]].<ref name="Looper">
{{Cite book
| first1 = Myra
| last1 = Page
| author-link1 = Myra Page
| first2 = Christina Looper
| last2 = Baker
| title = In a Generous Spirit: A First-Person Biography of Myra Page
| publisher = University of Illinois Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0DamHoxHiCkC
| pages = 145
| date = 1996
| access-date = August 4, 2018| isbn = 9780252065439
}}</ref>

At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in [[journalism]] and wrote for the student newspaper, ''[[The Michigan Daily]]'', and the satirical ''[[Gargoyle Humor Magazine]]''. It was during this time that he wrote his first play, ''[[No Villain]]''.<ref name="chronology">{{cite web
|publisher=The Arthur Miller Society
|title=A Brief Chronology of Arthur Miller's Life and Works
|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/miller/life.html
|access-date=September 24, 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061002193327/http://www.ibiblio.org/miller/life.html| archive-date= October 2, 2006| url-status=live}}</ref> He switched his major to [[English studies|English]], and subsequently won the [[Hopwood Award|Avery Hopwood Award]] for ''No Villain.'' The award led him to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. He enrolled in a playwriting seminar with the influential [[Kenneth Thorpe Rowe|Professor Kenneth Rowe]],<ref>For Rowe's recollections of Miller's work as a student playwright, see Kenneth Thorpe Rowe, "Shadows Cast Before," in Robert A. Martin, ed. (1982) ''Arthur Miller: New Perspectives'', Prentice-Hall, {{ISBN|0130488011}}.  Rowe's influential book ''Write That Play'' (Funk and Wagnalls, 1939), which appeared just a year after Miller's graduation, describes Rowe's approach to play construction.</ref> who emphasized how a play was built to achieve its intended effect, or what Miller called "the dynamics of play construction".<ref>Arthur Miller, ''Timebends: A Life.''  New York: Grove Press, 1987, pp. 226–227</ref> Rowe gave Miller realistic feedback and much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=University of Michigan
|title=Arthur Miller Files (UM days)
|url=http://www.umich.edu/~amfiles/biography/umdays.html
|access-date=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Miller retained strong ties to his alma mater through the rest of his life, establishing the university's Arthur Miller Award in 1985 and the Arthur Miller Award for Dramatic Writing in 1999, and lending his name to the Arthur Miller Theatre in 2000.<ref>{{cite web
 |publisher=University of Michigan
 |title=Arthur Miller and University of Michigan
 |url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2004/Nov04/r111604c
 |access-date=September 24, 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913165346/http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases%2F2004%2FNov04%2Fr111604c
 |archive-date=September 13, 2006
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In 1937, Miller wrote ''[[Honors at Dawn]],'' which also received the Avery Hopwood Award.<ref name="chronology" /> After his graduation in 1938, he joined the [[Federal Theatre Project]], a [[New Deal]] agency established to provide jobs in the theater. He chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for [[20th Century Fox]].<ref name="chronology" /> However, [[United States Congress|Congress]], worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939.<ref name="Times_obit" /> Miller began working in the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]] while continuing to write [[radio plays]], some of which were broadcast on [[CBS Radio|CBS]].<ref name="Times_obit" /><ref name="chronology" />