Editing Art Garfunkel (section)

==Early life==
Garfunkel was born in [[Forest Hills, Queens]], New York City, to Rose (née Pearlman) and Jacob "Jack" Garfunkel, a traveling salesman. Art was a middle child with two brothers, the older Jules and the younger Jerome. Jacob's parents had immigrated to the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century and settled in Manhattan. Before his career in sales, Jacob worked as an actor in [[Dayton, Ohio]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fornatale |first=Pete |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xrGR7hYesYC&q=Jacob+%22Jack%22+Garfunkel&pg=PT24 |title=Simon and Garfunkel's Bookends |date=November 22, 2007 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-59486-427-8 |access-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222190642/https://books.google.com/books?id=3xrGR7hYesYC&q=Jacob+%22Jack%22+Garfunkel&pg=PT24 |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ageless">{{Cite news |last=Horan |first=Tom |date=February 17, 2007 |title=Garfunkel's Ageless Art |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3663214/Garfunkel%27s-ageless-art.html |url-status=dead |access-date=April 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911223326/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3663214/Garfunkel%27s-ageless-art.html |archive-date=September 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wellisz |first=Chris |date=May 14, 1989 |title=Celebrities' Moms Are Stars for a Day |work=[[Miami Herald]] |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&p_text_direct-0=0EB33C7F03AF8302&p_field_direct-0=document_id |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216073446/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&p_text_direct-0=0EB33C7F03AF8302&p_field_direct-0=document_id |archive-date=February 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=August 14, 1991 |title=About New York; Just Simon in the Park, to Garfunkel's Disappointment |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/14/nyregion/about-new-york-just-simon-in-the-park-to-garfunkel-s-disappointment.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120140853/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/14/nyregion/about-new-york-just-simon-in-the-park-to-garfunkel-s-disappointment.html |archive-date=November 20, 2009 |quote=Soon, he and Paul Simon, two sons of Forest Hills, Queens, who became bards of the 60's, would stride to the shimmering center of a vast Central Park stage, and a generation growing overweight and apart would for a few fleeting hours feel forever young.}}</ref> Garfunkel is of [[History of the Jews in Romania|Moldavian-Jewish]] descent,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Csillag |first=Ron |date=1998 |title=Art Garfunkel's Feelin' Groovy Again |work=[[Canadian Jewish News]] |url=http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/cjn.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427211938/http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/cjn.html |archive-date=April 27, 2011 |via=Art Garfunkel's official website}}</ref> his paternal grandparents having emigrated from the city of [[Iași]]. When he was young, he often sang in synagogue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenhaus |first=Mike |date=March 3, 2018 |title=Interview: Art Garfunkel on His Reflective Memoir, Paul Simon and Monterey Pop |url=https://relix.com/articles/detail/interview_art_garfunkel_on_his_reflective_memoir_paul_simon_and_monterey_pop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726093939/https://relix.com/articles/detail/interview_art_garfunkel_on_his_reflective_memoir_paul_simon_and_monterey_pop/ |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=September 3, 2021 |website=Relix.com}}</ref> His maternal cousin was [[Lou Pearlman]], who ran one of the biggest [[Ponzi]] scams in history,<ref name="msnbc">{{dead link | date = November 2022}} (March 4, 2008). [http://www.today.com/id/23473811 "Boy Band Founder to Plead Guilty in $300M Suit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203171119/http://www.today.com/id/23473811 |date=February 3, 2020 }}. [[Associated Press]] (via ''[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]''). Retrieved April 9, 2009.</ref> and founder of the [[Backstreet Boys]] and [[NSYNC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2000 |title=Art's Sake: Is Garfunkel Headed to Scarborough Fair? No, the Rock and Roll Hall of Famer Is Going to Har Zion |url=http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/exponent.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727132148/http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/exponent.html |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |access-date=April 23, 2011 |website=[[The Jewish Exponent]] |via=Art Garfunkel's official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hopkins |first=Tom |date=August 16, 1998 |title=The Art of Garfunkel |work=[[Dayton Daily News]] |url=http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/dayton.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727132259/http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/dayton.html |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |via=ArtGarfunkel.com}}</ref>

According to the ''[[Across America (album)|Across America]]'' DVD, Garfunkel's love of singing originated in the first grade. "When we were lined up in size order, and after everyone else had left, I'd stay behind and enjoy the echo sound of the stairwell tiles and sing '[[Unchained Melody]]' and '[[You'll Never Walk Alone]]', learning to love this goosebumps song from the tender age of five." Later, Garfunkel's father bought him a [[wire recording|wire recorder]], and from then on, Garfunkel spent his afternoons singing, recording, and playing it back, so he could listen for flaws and learn how to improve.

At his [[bar mitzvah]] in 1954 in the Jewish Center of Kew Gardens Hills, Garfunkel performed as a [[hazzan|cantor]], singing over four hours of his repertoire for his family.<ref name="ageless" /> As a young teen, Garfunkel became ill with a lung infection, leading to a love for basketball. He explained in a 1998 interview: "In the summer of '55, I had a lung infection. I couldn't run around, but I loved basketball and there was a hoop nearby. Much of the summer I spent methodically hitting 96, 98 [[foul shots]] out of 100. Then 102! I never played on a team after junior high school. Just 3 against 3, half court pick up games in the schoolyard."<ref name="artgarfunkel.com">{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=Art Answers Fan Questions |url=http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/may1998.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727132553/http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/may1998.html |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |access-date=April 23, 2011 |publisher=Art Garfunkel's official website}}</ref> He met future singing partner [[Paul Simon]] in the sixth grade at PS 164, when they were both cast in the elementary school graduation play, ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Paul |date=June 11, 2015 |title=Art Garfunkel: The Truth About Me and Paul |url=http://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/137646/art-garfunkel-the-truth-about-me-and-paul |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130941/https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-features/137646/art-garfunkel-the-truth-about-me-and-paul |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=October 18, 2015 |website=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eliot |first=Marc |url=https://archive.org/details/paulsimonlife0000elio |title=Paul Simon: A Life |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-43363-8 |url-access=registration}}</ref> It has been said by Garfunkel that Simon first became interested in singing after hearing Garfunkel sing a rendition of [[Nat King Cole]]'s "[[Too Young (Sidney Lippman and Sylvia Dee song)|Too Young]]" in a school talent show.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zollo |first=Paul |date=1990 |title=Song Talk Interview |url=http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/songtalk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303023027/http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/songtalk.html |archive-date=March 3, 2014 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |website=ArtGarfunkel.com}}</ref>

Between 1956 and 1962, the two performed together as "Tom & Jerry", a moniker coined by their label Big Records, occasionally performing at school dances.<ref name="simonandgarfunkel.com">{{Cite news |title=Simon & Garfunkel Career Timeline – The Official Simon & Garfunkel Site |work=The Official Simon & Garfunkel Site |publisher=Simonandgarfunkel.com |url=http://www.simonandgarfunkel.com/us/timeline |url-status=live |access-date=July 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119065401/http://www.simonandgarfunkel.com/us/timeline |archive-date=November 19, 2015}}</ref> Their idols were [[The Everly Brothers]], whom they imitated in their use of close two-part [[vocal harmony]]. In 1957, Simon & Garfunkel recorded the song "Hey, Schoolgirl" under the name Tom & Jerry.<ref name="simonandgarfunkel.com" /> The single reached number 49 on the pop charts.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Stevenson |first=James |date=September 2, 1967 |title=On the Road with Simon and Garfunkel |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1967/09/02/simon-and-garfunkel |url-status=live |department=The Talk of the Town |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |page=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803200429/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1967/09/02/simon-and-garfunkel |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |access-date=April 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Holden |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Holden |date=October 15, 1981 |title=Art Garfunkel: Scissors Cut |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/scissors-cut-19811015 |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124182339/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/scissors-cut-19811015 |archive-date=November 24, 2017 |access-date=July 25, 2014}}</ref> After Tom & Jerry came to a close, Garfunkel released two singles under the name Artie Garr: "Dream Alone"/"Beat Love" and "Forgive Me"/"Private World" with [[Warwick Records (United States)|Warwick]] and Octavia Records respectively.<ref name=":0" /> Both singles would fail to chart.<ref name=":0" />

After graduating from [[Forest Hills High School (New York)|Forest Hills High School]] alongside Simon, Garfunkel initially majored in architecture at [[Columbia College (New York)|Columbia University]], where he was a brother in the [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]] [[fraternities and sororities|fraternity]] and lived in [[Carman Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Some of Our More Famous Alumni |url=http://undergrad.aepialpha.org/alumni.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724230539/http://undergrad.aepialpha.org/alumni.php |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=April 23, 2011 |publisher=Alpha Epsilon Pi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 2005 |title=Where the Stars Slept at CU |work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]] |url=https://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/?a=d&d=cs20050325-03.2.17&srpos=12&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22Julia+Stiles%22------ |access-date=January 12, 2022 |via=SpectatorArchive.Library.Columbia.edu}}</ref> Garfunkel was a team member in tennis, skiing, fencing, and bowling at the college and also joined the all-male [[a cappella]] group on campus, the Columbia Kingsmen.<ref name="artgarfunkel.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=John Legend – Ivy League Celebrities |url=http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment-ivyleague/8/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022004836/http://xfinity.comcast.net/slideshow/entertainment-ivyleague/8/ |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=December 27, 2012 |website=Xfinity.comcast.net}}</ref> While at Columbia his roommate, [[Sanford Greenberg]], developed [[glaucoma]] and went blind. Garfunkel assisted him in his homework by reading his textbooks to Greenberg, who went on to graduate with honors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shea |first=Rich |date=October 30, 2012 |title=A $2 Million Bridge over Troubled Waters – Eye on the Cure |url=http://www.blindness.org/blog/index.php/a-2-million-bridge-over-trouble-waters/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033358/https://www.blindness.org/blog/index.php/a-2-million-bridge-over-trouble-waters/ |archive-date=September 24, 2018 |access-date=January 25, 2018 |website=Blindness.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Another roommate of his was [[Tishman Speyer]] founder [[Jerry Speyer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hond |first=Paul |date=2016 |title=Old Friends |url=https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/old-friends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231004114/https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/old-friends |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=Columbia Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Greenberg later gave Garfunkel $500 to go and record a demo of "The Sound of Silence".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brody |first=William R. |date=May 26, 2005 |title=Johns Hopkins University {{!}} Commencement 2005 |url=http://pages.jh.edu/news/commence05/speeches/brody.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126071006/http://pages.jh.edu/news/commence05/speeches/brody.html |archive-date=January 26, 2018 |access-date=January 25, 2018 |website=pages.jh.edu}}</ref> Garfunkel ultimately earned a BA in [[History of art|art history]] in 1965,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur Ira Garfunkel |url=http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/art_garfunkel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102020443/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/art_garfunkel.html |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=September 19, 2012 |publisher=C250.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>Columbia University alumni directory</ref> followed by an MA in [[mathematics education]] from [[Teachers College, Columbia University]] in 1967. He also completed coursework toward a doctorate in the latter discipline at [[Teachers College, Columbia University]] during the peak of Simon & Garfunkel's commercial success; however, he later dropped out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Paul |date=June 24, 2015 |title=Interview Art Garfunkel: 'Weird Is a Fair Word for Me' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/24/art-garfunkel-paul-simon-jack-nicholson-bridge-over-troubled-water-interview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129200031/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/24/art-garfunkel-paul-simon-jack-nicholson-bridge-over-troubled-water-interview |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Herman, January 1977">{{Cite news |last=Herman |first=Jan |date=February 6, 1977 |title=TV Makes You Famous; Rock'n Roll Makes You Rich |agency=[[Gannett News Service]] |url=http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/gannett.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106070834/http://www.artgarfunkel.com/articles/gannett.html |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |via=Art Garfunkel's official website}}</ref>