Editing Art Deco (section)

==Terminology==
Art Deco took its name, short for {{lang|fr|Arts Décoratifs}}, from the [[Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes|International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts]] held in [[Paris]] in 1925,{{Sfn|Benton|Benton|Wood|2003|page=16}} though the diverse styles that characterised it had already appeared in Paris and [[Brussels]] before [[World War I]].

''Arts décoratifs'' was first used in [[France]] in 1858 in the ''Bulletin de la Société française de photographie''.<ref>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k111368q "M. Cunny présente une Note sur un procédé vitro-héliographique applicable aux arts décoratifs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180622/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k111368q |date=20 December 2016 }}, ''Bulletin de la Société française de photographie'', Société française de photographie. Éditeur: Société française de photographie (Paris), 1858, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Sciences et techniques, 8-V-1012</ref> In 1868, the ''[[Le Figaro]]'' newspaper used the term ''objets d'art décoratifs'' for objects for stage scenery created for the [[Salle Le Peletier|Théâtre de l'Opéra]].<ref>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2716231 "Enfin, dans les ateliers, on travaille à l'achèvement des objets d'art décoratifs, qui sont très nombreux"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220180617/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2716231 |date=20 December 2016 }}, ''Le Figaro'', Éditeur: Figaro (Paris), 1869-09-18, no. 260, Bibliothèque nationale de France</ref><ref>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65463131 ''L'Art décoratif à Limoges'', La Voix de la province : Revue littéraire, artistique, agricole et commerciale, 1862] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816232210/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65463131 |date=16 August 2018 }}, (1862/04/01 (N1)-1863/01/01 (N12)), Bibliothèque francophone multimédia de Limoges, 2013-220524, Bibliothèque nationale de France</ref><ref>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32858171s/date Revue des arts décoratifs (Paris), 1880–1902] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162222/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32858171s/date |date=20 December 2016 }}, Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Sciences et techniques, 4-V-1113</ref> In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewellers, glass-workers, and other craftsmen were officially given the status of artists by the French government. In response, the ''École royale gratuite de dessin'' (Royal Free School of Design), founded in 1766 under King [[Louis XVI]] to train artists and artisans in crafts relating to the fine arts, was renamed the ''[[École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs|École nationale des arts décoratifs]] (''National School of Decorative Arts). It took its present name, ENSAD (''École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs''), in 1920.

The actual term ''art déco'' did not appear in print until 1966, in the title of the first modern exhibition on the subject, held by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris, ''Les Années 25 : Art déco, Bauhaus, Stijl, Esprit nouveau'', which covered a variety of major styles in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdi9QQAACAAJ|title=Les années "25": art déco, Bauhaus, Stijl, Esprit nouveau|date=1966|publisher=Musée des arts décoratifs|language=fr}}</ref> The term was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in ''[[The Times]]'' (London, 12 November), describing the different styles at the exhibit.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Poulin|title=Graphic Design and Architecture, A 20th Century History: A Guide to Type, Image, Symbol, and Visual Storytelling in the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kf0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|year=2012|publisher=Rockport Publishers|isbn=978-1-61058-633-7|page=85}}</ref>

Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian [[Bevis Hillier]] published the first major academic book on it, ''[[Art Deco of the 20s and 30s]]''.{{Sfn|Hillier|1968|page=12}} He noted that the term was already being used by art dealers, and cites ''The Times'' (2 November 1966) and an essay named ''Les Arts Déco'' in ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' magazine (November 1967) as examples.{{Sfn|Benton|Benton|Wood|2003|page=430}} In 1971, he organized an exhibition at the [[Minneapolis Institute of Arts]], which he details in his book ''The World of Art Deco''.<ref name="Hillier4">{{cite book | last=Hillier | first= Bevis | title=The World of Art Deco: An Exhibition Organized by The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, June–September 1971 | publisher=E.P. Dutton |year=1971 | isbn=978-0-525-47680-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Benton |first1=Charlotte |last2=Benton |first2=Tim |last3=Wood |first3=Ghislaine |title=Art Déco dans le monde- 1910–39 |date=2010 |publisher=Renaissance du Livre |isbn=9782507003906 |pages=16–17}}</ref>

Mike Hope lists many other labels that were used for Art Deco architecture: Odeon Style (after the style used by [[Odeon Cinemas]] in the 1930s), [[Liberty style]], [[Moderne architecture|[Style] Moderne]], [[Jazz Moderne]], [[Zigzag Moderne]], British Moderne, Nautical Moderne, Modern Ship Style, Pacqueboat Style, Ocean Liner Style, White Modern, Futurist Art Deco, Streamline Beaux Arts, [[Streamline Moderne]], PWA Moderne, PWA/WPA Moderne, Federal Moderne, Depression Moderne, Classical Moderne, Classical Modernism, Modernist Classical, Chicago School, Czech Architectural Cubism, Italian Futurism, [[Prairie School]], [[Atmospheric Theatre]], Med Deco, [[Amsterdam School]],  ''[[Nieuwe Zakelijkheid]]'' (also ''Neue Sachlichkeit'', ''Neues Bauen'', New Sobriety, [[New Objectivity (architecture)|New Objectivity]]), [[Mayan Revival]], Japanese Secession, Spanish Pueblo Style, [[Pueblo Deco]], Finnish National Romanticism; [[Neo-Gothic]], [[Neo-Byzantine]], Neo-Egyptian, Spanish Mission, International School, European International Style, [[Wiener Werkstätte]], Free Classicism; Stripped Neo-Classicism, Deco Free Classicism, Stripped Classicism, Transitional Modern, Vogue Regency.{{sfn|Hope|2019|p=}}