Editing Arrian (section)

== Arrian's life ==
Arrian was born in [[Nicomedia]] (present-day [[İzmit]]), the provincial capital of [[Bithynia]]. [[Cassius Dio]] called him Flavius Arrianus Nicomediensis. Sources provide similar dates for his birth, within a few years prior to 90, 89, and 85–90 AD. The line of reasoning for dates belonging to 85–90 AD is because of Arrian being made a [[consul]] around 130 AD, and the usual age for this, during this period, being 42 years of age. (ref. pp.&nbsp;312, & SYME 1958, ''ibid.''). His family was from the Greek provincial aristocracy, and his full name, ''L. Flavius Arrianus'', indicates that he was a Roman citizen, suggesting that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the time of the Roman conquest some 170 years before.<ref name="origin" /><ref name="Le Clerc, Jean, Rooke, John">{{cite book |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081553301;view=1up;seq=1 |author=Le Clerc, Jean |author2=Rooke, John|title=Arrian's History of Alexander's expedition. Translated from the Greek. With notes historical, geographical, and critical. By Mr. Rooke. To which is prefix'd, Mr. Le Clerc's Criticism upon Quintus Curtius. And some remarks upon Mr. Perizonius's vindication of the author.|publisher=London, Printed for T. Worrall etc., etc. 1729.| access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="N. G. L. Hammond">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gay_i14p9oEC&q=Arrian|author=N. G. L. Hammond |title=Sources for Alexander the Great: An Analysis of Plutarch's 'Life' and Arrian's 'Anabasis Alexandrou'|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0521714716| access-date=4 April 2015|year=2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&q=date+of+birth+of+Arrian&pg=PA48|author=EL Bowie |editor= PA Stadter |editor2=L. Van der Stockt |title=Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.)|publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn =9058672395| access-date=4 April 2015|date=2002 }}</ref><ref name="AM Devine – Oxford (H Temporini, W Haase, J Vogt)n-">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssail1eW01gC&q=date+of+birth+of+Arrian&pg=PA312 |editor=Wolfgang Haase |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt'': Teil II Principat''  |trans-title=Rise and Decline of the Woman World'': Part II: Principate'' |volume=34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter| isbn =3110103761| access-date=4 April 2015|year=1993 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>FP Polo (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=M-ZctZTBjykC&q=consulship ''The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic'']. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|1139495992}} [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. used p. 1–3 to identify nature of < consulship >)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36110/Arrian#|title= Arrian|publisher= www.britannica.com |access-date=7 January 2010|quote= Arrian (born c. ad 86, Nicomedia, Bithynia [now İzmit, Tur.] died c. 160, Athens? [Greece]) Greek historian and philosopher who was one of the most distinguished authors of the second-century Roman Empire.}}{{cite book |author1=Wolfgang Haase |author2=Hildegard Temporini |title=Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Volume 2; Volume 34 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn=3110103761 |quote= Arrian was of Greek stock, from the provincial aristocracy of Bithynia. His full name, L. Flavius Arrianus, demonstrates that he was a Roman citizen and suggests that the citizenship went back several generations, probably to the triumphal period. Arrian’s home city was the Bithynian capital, Nicomedia, where he held the priesthood of Demeter and Kore, its patron deities. }}{{cite book |author1= Arrian |author2= Sélincourt, Aubrey De |title= The campaigns of Alexander |publisher= Penguin Classics |year= 1971 |page= [https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/13 13] |isbn= 0140442537 |quote= Flavius Arrianus Xenophon, to give him his full name, was a Greek, born at Nicomedia, the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, probably a few years before A.D. 90. |url= https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri/page/13 }}{{cite book |author=Grant, Michael |title=Readings in the classical historians |publisher=Scribner's |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingsinclassi00gran/page/544 544] |isbn=0684192454 |quote=Arrian: Greek Historian: [...] an approximate contemporary of Appian, born about AD 95. Like him a Greek, he came from Nicomedia in Bithynia (north-western Asia-Minor) where his family was prominent. |url=https://archive.org/details/readingsinclassi00gran/page/544 }}</ref>

Sometime during the second century AD (117 to 120 AD) while in Epirus, probably [[Nicopolis]], Arrian attended lectures of [[Epictetus]] of Nicopolis, and proceeded within a time to fall into his pupillage, a fact attested to by [[Lucian]]. All that is known about the life of Epictetus is due to Arrian, in that Arrian left an ''Encheiridion'' (''Handbook'') of Epictetus' philosophy. After Epirus, he went to Athens, and while there, he became known as the "young Xenophon" as a consequence of the similarity of his relationship to Epictetus as [[Xenophon]] had to [[Socrates]].<ref name="I Syvänne">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW2jAQAAQBAJ&q=Arrian+works&pg=PA260|author=I Syvänne|title=Philosophers of War: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes]: The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers|publisher=ABC-CLIO| isbn= 978-0313070334| access-date=1 April 2015|date=2013}}</ref><ref name="Hans-Josef Klauck">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEuddWHIqaYC&q=history+of+transmission+earliest+extent+of+Anabasis+Arrian&pg=PA350|author=[[Hans-Josef Klauck]]|title=Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide To Graeco-Roman Religions |page=350|publisher=A&C Black (reprint, revised)| isbn= 0567089436 | access-date=6 April 2015|date=2003}}</ref><ref name="JS Romm">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvP_tHPTZfkC&q=The+History+of+Alexander+Arrian|author=JS Romm|title=Alexander The Great: Selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius |page=xix|publisher=Hackett Publishing| isbn= 1603843337| access-date=8 April 2015|date=2005}}</ref><ref name="EJ Chinnock" /><ref name="P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vx2gJyWxrtMC&q=Lucian++Arrian&pg=PA146|author1=P. E. Easterling |author1-link=P. E. Easterling |author2=B. M. W. Knox |author2-link=Bernard Knox |title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 1, Greek Literature, Part 4, The Hellenistic Period and the Empire |pages=143–|publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn =0521359848| access-date=5 April 2015|year=1989 }}</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionaries: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711192859/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/attest attest], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150412105827/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pupillage?q=pupilage pupilage] ''Oxford University Press'' [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref name="G Long, Epictetus">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDCB62MrFCYC&q=Enchiridion+of+Arrian&pg=PA6|author=G Long, Epictetus|title=Enchiridion and Selections from the Discourses of Epictetus|page=6|publisher=Digireads.com Publishing|isbn=978-1420935226|access-date=3 April 2015|date=2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="JW McCrindle">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXtEAQAAMAAJ&q=Anabasis+of+Alexander|author=JW McCrindle|title=The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, pp. 9–10| access-date=3 April 2015|year=1816}}</ref>

For a period, some time about 126 AD, he was a friend of the emperor [[Hadrian]]'s, who appointed him to the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]. He was appointed to the position ''[[consul suffectus]]'' around 130 AD, and then, in 132 AD (although Howatson shows 131), he was made prefect or legate (governor) of [[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]] by Hadrian, a service he continued for six years. Historian Cassius Dio states that not long after the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] in [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] had been quelled, in 135 AD, King [[Pharasmanes II of Iberia]] caused the [[Alans|Alani]] to invade neighbouring territories, including Cappadocia, where their advance was robustly halted by Arrian's legions.

<blockquote>A second war was begun by the Alani (they are [[Massagetae]]) at the instigation of Pharasmanes. It caused dire injury to the [[Caucasian Albania|Albanian territory]] and [[Media (region)|Media]], and then involved Armenia and Cappadocia; after which, as the Alani were not only persuaded by gifts from [[Vologases III of Parthia|Vologaesus]], but also stood in dread of Flavius Arrianus, the governor of Cappadocia, it came to a stop.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cassius Dio |title=Historia Romana |at=69.15.1}}</ref></blockquote>

Arrian referred to himself as "the second Xenophon", on account of his reputation and the esteem in which he was held. Lucian stated him to be:<ref name="P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox" /><ref>Peter Beckford (... perhaps, the writing is slightly illegible) or ''a Country Squire'' – [https://books.google.com/books?id=1x5dAAAAcAAJ&dq=Essay+on+hunting+Arrian&pg=PR15 Essays on Hunting. Containing a philosophical enquiry into the nature and properties of the scent; observations on ... hounds ... also directions for the choice of a hunter, etc., extracted from “An Essay on Hunting, by a Country Squire,” published in 1733., With Six letters upon Hunting” by J. S. Gardiner., With an introduction by the editor, W. Blane, p. xvii] Southampton T. Baker and others 1781 [Retrieved 2 April 2015] (ed. this source not the first source for ed. of this factor)</ref>

{{blockquote|a Roman of the first rank with a life-long attachment to learning| quote of Lucian in P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox, p. 143}}

This quality is identified as ''[[paideia]]'' (παιδεία), which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who is highly esteemed and important.<ref name="P. E. Easterling, B. M. W. Knox" /><ref name="S Swain – at All Souls College, Oxford 1996">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6VXIDjmAcQC&q=Lucian+Arrian&pg=PA328|author=S Swain|title=Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD (pp. 328ff.) |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 0198147724| access-date=5 April 2015|year=1996}}</ref><ref>definitions of ''paideia'' – [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paideia Merriam-Webster], [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/paideiaOxford University Press]{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>Werner Jaeger (translated by Gilbert Highet), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hUqgwPS_GdYC&q=paideia Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture: II. In Search of the Divine Centre] ''Volume 2 of Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture'' Oxford University Press, 23 October 1986 (reprint – 1st published 1943) {{ISBN|0195040473}} [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>Perseus Project: Latin Word Study Tool: [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1&la=greek#lexicon paideia] [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref><ref>Oxford Dictionaries: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130804223639/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/personage personage] ''Oxford University Press'' [Retrieved 5 April 2015]</ref>