Editing Arnulf of Carinthia (section)

==Early life==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2019}}

===Illegitimacy and early life===
Arnulf was the illegitimate son of [[Carloman of Bavaria]]<ref>Bradbury, Jim. ''The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. p 31</ref><ref>[[Sara McDougall|McDougall, Sara]]. ''Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800–1230''. Oxford University Press, 2017. p 91</ref> and Liutswind,<ref>Also Litwinde or Litwindie</ref> who may have been the sister of Ernst, Count of the Bavarian [[Margraviate of the Nordgau|Nordgau Margraviate]] (now in the area of the [[Upper Palatinate]]), or perhaps the burgrave of [[Passau]], according to other sources. After Arnulf's birth, Carloman married before 861, a daughter of that same Count Ernst, who died after 8 August 879. As it is mainly [[West Francia|West-Franconian]] historiography<ref>[http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/mittelalter-genealogie/karolinger_ostfraenkische_linie/karlmann_ostfraenkischer_koenig_880.html Konecny, Silvia. ''Die Frauen des karolingischen Königshauses. Die politische Bedeutung der Ehe und die Stellung der Frau in der fränkischen Herrscherfamilie vom 7. bis zum 10. Jahrhundert.'' PhD thesis Vienna 1976, p. 139]</ref> that speaks of Arnulf's illegitimacy, it is quite possible that the two women are actually the same person, Liutswind, and that Carloman married Arnulf's mother, thus legitimizing his son.<ref>[http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/karolinger_ostfraenkische_linie/luitswinda_mutter_kaiser_arnulfs_891.html Mediaeval Genealogy: Liutswind:] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902183355/http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/karolinger_ostfraenkische_linie/luitswinda_mutter_kaiser_arnulfs_891.html |date=September 2, 2003 }} Various theories about her descent and her relation to Carloman (in German)</ref>

Arnulf was granted the rule over the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], a [[Franks|Frankish]] vassal state and successor of the ancient [[Principality of Carantania]] by his father, after Carloman reconciled with his own father, King [[Louis the German]], and was made king in the [[Duchy of Bavaria]].

Arnulf spent his childhood in ''Mosaburch'' or Mosapurc, which is widely believed to be [[Moosburg, Austria|Moosburg]] in Carinthia. Moosburg was a few miles away from one of the imperial residences, the Carolingian [[Kaiserpfalz]] at [[Zollfeld|Karnburg]], which had been the residence of the Carantanian princes. Arnulf kept his seat here, and from later events it may be inferred that the Carantanians, from an early time, treated him as their own duke. Later, after he had been crowned King of East Francia, Arnulf turned his old territory of Carinthia into the [[March of Carinthia]], a part of the [[Duchy of Bavaria]].<ref name="Taylor1874">{{cite book|author=Bayard Taylor|title=A School History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to the Establishment of the German Empire in 1871|url=https://archive.org/details/schoolhistoryofg00tayl|year=1874|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/schoolhistoryofg00tayl/page/n156 139]–}}</ref>

===Regional ruler===
After Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke in 879, [[Louis the Younger]] inherited Bavaria, [[Charles the Fat]] was given the [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]], and Arnulf was confirmed in Carinthia by an agreement with Carloman. However, Bavaria was more or less ruled by Arnulf<ref>Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. 882 (p. 104 and n3)</ref> during the summer and autumn of 879 while his father arranged his succession. He was also granted "[[March of Pannonia|Pannonia]]," in the words of the ''[[Annales Fuldenses]]'',<ref>Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. 884 (pp. 108–111)</ref> or "Carantanum," in the words of [[Regino of Prüm]].<ref>MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2003. p. 135</ref> The division of the realm was confirmed in 880 after Carloman's death.

When [[Engelschalk II]] of Pannonia in 882 rebelled against Margrave [[Aribo of Austria|Aribo]] and ignited the [[Wilhelminer War]], Arnulf supported him and accepted his and his brother's homage. This ruined Arnulf's relationship with his uncle, Emperor Charles the Fat, and put him at war with [[Svatopluk I of Moravia|Svatopluk of Moravia]]. Pannonia was invaded, but Arnulf refused to give up the young Wilhelminers. Arnulf did not make peace with Svatopluk until late 885, by which time the Moravian ruler was loyal to the emperor. Some scholars see this war as destroying Arnulf's hopes of succeeding Charles the Fat.<ref name="Marshall2018">{{cite book|author=Henrietta Marshall|title=The Story of Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rJ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=2018|publisher=Perennial Press|isbn=978-1-5312-6337-9|pages=53–}}</ref>