Editing Arnis (section)

==Name==
'''Arnis''' comes from ''arnés'',<ref name= Wiley>{{cite book| last =Wiley| first =Mark V. |title =Filipino Fighting Arts: Theory and Practice| publisher =[[Tuttle Publishing]]| year =2000| pages = 1–15| isbn =0-86568-180-5}}</ref> the [[Old Spanish]] for "armour" (''harness'' is an archaic English term from same root). It is said to derive from the armour costumes used in traditional ''[[Moros y Cristianos|Moro-moro]]'' stage plays, where actors fought mock battles with wooden swords.<ref>{{cite book| title=The Secrets of Arnis| author=[[Edgar Sulite]]}}{{Page needed|date=June 2011}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2011}} ''Arnes'' is also an archaic Spanish term for weapon, used as early as 1712.<ref name="destrezaIndiana">{{cite book| title=Ilustracion de la Destreza Indiana| last=Santos de la Paz| first=Francisco| page=[https://archive.org/details/ilustraciondelad00sant/page/167 167]| date=1712| url=https://archive.org/details/ilustraciondelad00sant}}</ref>

'''Eskrima''' (also spelled '''escrima''') is a derived from the Spanish word for [[fencing]], ''esgrima''.<ref>{{cite web | title=History of Filipino Martial Arts | url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/escrima/eskrima.htm | website=Seasite.niu.edu | access-date=November 11, 2009 | archive-date=July 25, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725010011/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/escrima/eskrima.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Warriors Eskrima&nbsp;– Worcestershire | url =http://www.warriorseskrima.com/info1.htm | website =Warriorseskrima.com | access-date =November 11, 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090519091155/http://www.warriorseskrima.com/info1.htm | archive-date =May 19, 2009 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Their [[cognate]] in French is ''escrime'' and is related to the English term 'skirmish'.

The name '''kali''' is most likely derived from the [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|pre-Hispanic]] Filipino term for blades and fencing, ''[[kalis]]'' ([[Spanish orthography|Spanish spelling]]: "''calis''"),<ref name="lascoKalis">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7785019|title=Kalis – The Precolonial Fighting Art of the Philippines|author=Lorenz Lasco|date=2011|publisher=Dalumat Ejournal}}</ref> documented by [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s expedition chronicler [[Antonio Pigafetta]] during their journey through the Visayas and in old Spanish to Filipino Mother Tongue dictionaries and vocabulary books dating from 1612 to the late 1800s, such as in [[Tomas Pinpin#Books printed|''Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala'']] by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura.<ref name="mallariEtymologyKali">{{cite web |url=http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-etymology-basis-usage-term-kali |title=Etymology as the Basis of Usage of the Term Kali |author=Perry Gil Mallari |date=May 10, 2011 |publisher=FMA Pulse |access-date=July 5, 2015 |archive-date=August 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190226/http://www.fmapulse.com/content/fma-corner-etymology-basis-usage-term-kali |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term ''calis'' in various forms was present in these old Spanish documents in Ilocano,<ref name="ilocanoCarro">{{cite book|title=Vocabulario de la lengua Ilocana|last=Carro|first=Andres|page=75|date=1849|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ilo_vocab-1}}</ref> Ibanag (''calli-t''; pronounced as kal-lî),<ref name="bugarinRodriguezYbanag">{{cite book|title=Diccionario Ybanag-Español |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npJkAAAAMAAJ |last1=Bugarin |first1=Jose |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Ramon |date=1854}}</ref> Kapampangan,<ref name="bergano">{{cite book|title=Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga en Romance |last=Bergaño|first=Fr. Diego|date=1732|page=[https://archive.org/details/aqn8189.0001.001.umich.edu/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/aqn8189.0001.001.umich.edu}}</ref> Tagalog,<ref name="sanbuenaventura">{{cite book |title=Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala |last=de San Buenaventura |first=Fr. Pedrio |date=1613 |url=http://sb.tagalogstudies.org/2010/10/18.html |via=Sb.tagalogstudies.org |access-date=November 30, 2015 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112202155/http://sb.tagalogstudies.org/2010/10/18.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bicolano (''caris''),<ref name="deMarcosBicol">{{cite book |title=Vocabulario de la lengua Bicol |url=https://archive.org/details/aqa2025.0001.001.umich.edu |last=de Marcos |first=Lisboa |date=1865}}</ref> Waray (''caris''),<ref name="deLaRosaWaray">{{cite book |title=Diccionario español-bisaya para las provincias de Sámar y Leyte |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AQH5491.0001.001?view=toc|last=de la Rosa |first=Sanchez |date=1914}}</ref> Hiligaynon,<ref name="mentridaPanay">{{cite book |title=Diccionario de la lengua Bisaya Hiligueina y Haraya de la Isla de Panay|last=de Mentrida|first=Alonso|date=1841}}</ref> Cebuano (''calix, baladao''<ref name="pigafettaPrimoViaggio">{{cite book|title=Primo viaggio intorno al mondo|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|date=1525|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42884/42884-h/42884-h.htm}}</ref> – "''kalis balaraw''/dagger" and ''cales''<ref name="bisayaEncarnacion">{{cite book |title=Diccionario Español-Bisaya |last=de la Encarnacion |first=Fr. Juan Felis |date=1866 |url=https://archive.org/details/diccionarioespa00unkngoog}}</ref>), and Moro-Maguindanao in Mindanao (''calis'' – the kris, weapon).<ref name="moroMaguindanaoEspanol">{{cite book |last1=Juanmarti |first1=P. Jacinto |title=Diccionario Moro-Maguindanao-Español |date=1892 |publisher=Tipografía "Amigos del país" |location=[[Manila]] |url=https://archive.org/details/afu8736.0001.001.umich.edu/page/n45 |access-date=February 10, 2019}}</ref> In some of these dictionaries, the term calis refers to a sword or knife [[Kris|kris or keris]], while in others it refers to both swords and knives and their usage as well as a form of ''esgrima'' [[Baston (weapon)|stick fighting]].<ref name="bergano" /><ref name="sanbuenaventura" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=de Mentrida |first=Alonso |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00001460/00001/4x |title=Vocabulario de la lengua bisaya, hiligueina y hara de la isla de Panay y Sugbú y para las demás islas |year=1637 |pages=70 |quote=Esgrimir = Naquigcalis}}</ref>  While Mirafuente posits that the original term was ''kali'' and that the letter "S" was added later, the late Grandmaster [[Remy Presas]] suggests that the "S" was dropped in modern times and became presently more known as ''kali'' in FMA circles.

There exist numerous similar terms of reference for martial arts such as ''kalirongan'', ''kaliradman'', and ''pagkalikali''.<ref name="arnisAPatling">{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/video/CPF04006871/arnis-a-patling-video.html |title=Arnis à Patling |author=Institut National de l'Audiovisuel |website=Ina.fr |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> These may be the origin of the term ''kali'' or they may have evolved from it.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Remy Presas]], 1974, ''Modern Arnis'', pp. 10–12, {{ISBN|971-08-6041-0}}.</ref>

In their book ''Cebuano Eskrima: Beyond the Myth'' however, Dr. Ned Nepangue and Celestino Macachor contend that the term ''kali'' in reference to [[Filipino martial arts]] did not exist until the Buenaventura Mirafuente wrote in the preface of the first known published book on arnis, ''Mga Karunungan sa Larong Arnis'' by Placido Yambao, the term ''kali'' as the native mother fighting art of the Philippine islands.<ref name="CebuanoEskrima">{{cite book |last1=Nepangue|first1=Ned R. |last2=Macachor|first2=Celestino C. |title=Cebuano Eskrima: Beyond the Myth |publisher=Clinton |isbn=978-1-4257-4621-6 |date=2007}}</ref>
<!--:* One theory is that the word comes from ''tjakalele'',<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Remy Presas]], 1974, ''Modern Arnis'', pp. 10–12, {{ISBN|971-08-6041-0}}.</ref> a tribal style of stick-fencing from Indonesia. This is supported by the similarities between tjakalele and eskrima techniques, as well as Mindanao's proximity to Indonesia.
:* According to Guro [[Dan Inosanto]], Kali is a [[portmanteau]] of the [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] words "kamot", meaning hand, and "lihok", meaning motion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-z7QkYP3Xw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/N-z7QkYP3Xw| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=The Bladed Hand: The Global Impact of Filipino Martial Arts|last=Ignacio|first=Jay|date=April 15, 2010|website=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="blackeaglehistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.black-eagle.org/history.htm|title=Black Eagle (Detailed history of Eskrima) |website=Black-eagle.org |access-date=November 30, 2015}}</ref>
:* In the [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] language, ''kali'' means "to dig" and "to stab".<ref name="KaliChanged">Federico Lazo, "Kali Caused the Change of the Word Kali to the Words Arnis and Escrima", 2008, ''Filipino Martial Arts Digest''</ref>
:* According to Grandmaster [[Vic Sanchez]], the [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinense]] term ''Kalirongan'' means "Karunungan ng Lihim" or "Wisdom of (the) Secret (fighting arts)" or "Wisdom of Kali".
:*In his book ''KALI: History of a Forbidden Filipino Fighting Arts'', Fred Lazo put forward that ''Kali'' was an ancient root word for blade, and that the Filipino words for right hand (''kanan'') and left hand (''kaliwa'') are contractions of the terms "way of the blade" (''kali daanan'') and "without blade" (''kali wala'') as weapons are usually held with the right hand and the left hand is typically empty.<ref name="KaliAncientTime">Federico Lazo, "Kali – A Filipino Fighting Art that Originated in Ancient Time", 2008, ''Filipino Martial Arts Digest''</ref>-->

Practitioners of the arts are called ''arnisador'' (male, [[plural]] ''arnisadores'') and ''arnisadora'' (female, plural ''arnisadoras'') for those who call theirs ''arnis'', ''eskrimador'' (male, plural ''eskrimadores'') or ''eskrimadora'' (female, plural ''eskrimadoras'') for those who call their art ''eskrima'', and ''kalista'' or ''mangangali'' for those who practise ''kali''.

It is also known as ''estoque'' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for [[rapier]]), ''estocada'' (Spanish for thrust or stab) and ''garrote'' (Spanish for club). In [[Luzon]] it may go by the name of ''arnis de mano'' or ''arnes de mano''.

The indigenous martial art that the Spanish encountered in 1610 was not yet called "eskrima" at that time. During those times, this martial art was known as ''paccalicali-t'' (pronounced as ''pakkali-kalî'') to the [[Ibanags]],<ref name="epanolIbanag">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WE2AQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA223|title=Diccionario español-ibanag o sea Tesauro Hispano- Cagayán sacado de los manuscritos antiguos |author=Ramirez y Giraudier |date=1867|page=223}}</ref> ''did ya''  (later changed to ''kabaroan'') to the [[Ilocano people|Ilokanos]], ''sitbatan'' or ''kalirongan'' to [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinenses]], ''sinawali'' ("to weave") to the [[Kapampangans]], ''calis'' or ''pananandata'' ("use of weapons") to the [[Tagalogs]], ''pagaradman'' to the [[Hiligaynon people|Ilonggos]] and ''kaliradman'' to the [[Cebuano people|Cebuanos]]{{Source?|date=May 2024}}. [[Kuntao|Kuntaw]] and [[Silat]] are separate martial arts that are also practiced in the Philippine archipelago{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}.