Editing Arne Jacobsen (section)

==Biography==

===Early life and education===
Arne Jacobsen was born on 11 February 1902 in [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arne Jacobsen {{!}} Danish architect|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arne-Jacobsen|access-date=18 December 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> His father Johan was a wholesale trader in [[safety pin]]s and [[snap fastener]]s. His mother Pouline was a [[bank teller]] whose [[hobby]] was floral motifs.<ref>[http://www.fritzhansen.com/en/designers/arne-jacobsen Biography from Arne-Jacobsen.com.]</ref> He is of [[Jews|Jewish]] descent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography – Arne Jacobsen Design |url=https://arnejacobsen.com/life/biography/ |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=Arne Jacobsen |language=en-US}}</ref> He first hoped to become a painter, but was dissuaded by his mother, who encouraged him to opt instead for the more secure domain of architecture. After a spell as an apprentice mason, Jacobsen was admitted to the Architecture School at the [[Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts]] where from 1924 to 1927 he studied under [[Kay Fisker]] and [[Kaj Gottlob]], both leading architects and designers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/arne-jacobsen|title=Arne Jacobsen|publisher=answers.com|access-date=1 January 2010}}</ref>

Still a student, in 1925 Jacobsen participated in the Paris [[Art Deco]] fair, ''[[Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes]]'', where he won a silver medal for a chair design.<ref>{{cite book|title=Design of the 20th Century|first1=Charlotte|last1=Fiell|first2=Peter|last2=Fiell|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|edition=25th anniversary|year=2005|page=354|isbn=9783822840788|oclc=809539744}}</ref> On that trip, he was struck by the pioneering aesthetic of [[Le Corbusier]]'s ''L'Esprit Nouveau'' pavilion. Before leaving the Academy, Jacobsen also travelled to Germany, where he became acquainted with the rationalist architecture of [[Mies van der Rohe]] and [[Walter Gropius]]. Their work influenced his early designs including his graduation project, an art gallery, which won him a gold medal.<ref name="designmuseum">{{cite web|url=http://designmuseum.org/design/arne-jacobsen|title=Arne Jacobsen|publisher=Design Museum|access-date=1 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100105173740/http://designmuseum.org/design/arne-jacobsen| archive-date= 5 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> After completing architecture school, he first worked at city architect Poul Holsøe's architectural practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/arne-jacobsen-1902.shtml|title=Arne Jacobsen|publisher=Ketterer Kunst|access-date=1 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013085457/http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/arne-jacobsen-1902.shtml|archive-date=13 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1929, in collaboration with [[Flemming Lassen]], he won a [[Architects' Association of Denmark|Danish Architect's Association]] competition for designing the "House of the Future" which was built full scale at the subsequent exhibition in [[Forum Copenhagen|Copenhagen's Forum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.finnishdesignshop.com/Arne_Jacobsen-d-72.html|title=Arne Jacobsen design|last=Shop|first=Finnish Design|website=www.finnishdesignshop.com|language=en|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref> It was a spiral-shaped, flat-roofed house in glass and concrete, incorporating a private [[Garage (residential)|garage]], a [[boathouse]] and a [[Helipad|helicopter pad]]. Other striking features were windows that rolled down like car windows, a conveyor tube for the mail and a kitchen stocked with [[Ready meal|ready-made meals]].<ref name="fritz hansen">{{cite web|url=http://the-egg-chair.com/arne-jacobsen-biography-resources|title=Biography + Resources: Egg Chair designer Arne Jacobsen|publisher=Fritz Hansen|access-date=16 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329234845/http://the-egg-chair.com/arne-jacobsen-biography-resources|archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref> A [[Dodge]] Cabriolet Coupé was parked in the garage, there was a [[Chris-Craft Industries|Chris Craft]] in the boathouse and an [[Autogyro]] on the roof.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://erez.louispoulsen.com/erez4/erez?cmd=get&src=lplbilleder/PDF%20for%20Web/US/AJ-AIA_complete_080117.pdf&width=2000&height=2000&tmp=None&quality=85&redirect=0&format=pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713234003/http://erez.louispoulsen.com/erez4/erez?cmd=get&src=lplbilleder%2FPDF%20for%20Web%2FUS%2FAJ-AIA_complete_080117.pdf&width=2000&height=2000&tmp=None&quality=85&redirect=0&format=pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2011|title=Jacobsen's light|publisher=Louis Poulsen|access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> Jacobsen immediately became recognised as an [[Modernism|ultra-modern]] architect.

===Pre-World War II career===
[[File:Life guard tower, Klampenborg.jpg|thumb|200px|One of Jacobsen's lifeguard towers at [[Bellevue Beach]] ]]
The year after winning the "House of the Future" award, Arne Jacobsen set up his own office. He designed the functionalist [[Rothenborg House]], which he planned in every detail, a characteristic of many of his later works.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.arnejacobsen.gentofte.dk/rothenborg.htm 
 |title=Rothenborgs Hus 
 |publisher=Gentofte Municipality 
 |access-date=24 January 2010 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321022058/http://www.arnejacobsen.gentofte.dk/rothenborg.htm 
 |archive-date=21 March 2011 
}}</ref>

Soon afterwards, he won a competition from [[Gentofte Municipality]] for the design of a seaside resort complex in [[Klampenborg]] on the [[Øresund]] coast just north of Copenhagen. The various components of the resort became his major public breakthrough in Denmark, further establishing him as a leading national proponent of the [[International Style (architecture)|International Modern Style]]. In 1932, the first item, the [[Bellevue Beach|Bellevue Sea Bath]], was completed. Jacobsen designed everything from the characteristic blue-striped [[lifeguard tower]]s, kiosks and changing cabins to the tickets, season cards and even the uniforms of the employees.<ref name="villabyerne">{{cite web|url=http://gentofte.lokalavisen.dk/article/20090514/ARTIKLER/73775119/-1|title=Arne Jacobsens betagende Bellevue og Bellavista|publisher=Villabyerne|access-date=16 January 2010|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130129/http://gentofte.lokalavisen.dk/article/20090514/ARTIKLER/73775119/-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> The focal point of the area was supposed to have been a [[lookout tower]], more than a hundred metres high with a revolving restaurant at the top but it was abandoned after huge local protests. Still, it is reflected in the overall arrangement of buildings in the area which all follow lines that extend from their missing centre. In 1934, came the Bellavista residential development, built in concrete, steel and glass, with smooth surfaces and open floor planning, free of any excesses or ornaments. Completing the white trilogy in 1937, the [[Bellevue Teatret|Bellevue Theatre]] featured a retractable roof allowing open-air performances.<ref name="villabyerne"/> These early works clearly show the influence of the White Cubist architecture Jacobsen had encountered in Germany, particularly at the [[Weissenhof Estate]] in [[Stuttgart]]. The cluster of white buildings at Bellevue also includes the [[Skovshoved Petrol Station|Skovshoved Filling Station]]. In their day, these projects were described as "The dream of the modern lifestyle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcspace.com/architects/jacobsen/restuarant/restaurant_index.html |title=Arne Jacobsen -Restaurant Jacobsen |publisher=arcspace |access-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308001440/http://www.arcspace.com/architects/jacobsen/restuarant/restaurant_index.html |archive-date=8 March 2010 }}</ref>

[[File:Århus Rådhus.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Århus City Hall]]
Despite considerable public opposition to his avant-garde style, Jacobsen went on to build [[Stelling House]] on [[Gammeltorv]], one of Copenhagen's most historic squares. Although the modernistic style is rather restrained and was later seen as a model example of building in a historic setting, it caused virulent protests in its day. One newspaper wrote that Jacobsen ought to be "banned from architecture for life".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcspace.com/architects/jacobsen/louisiana/Louisiana.html |title=Arne Jacobsen – Absolutely Modern |publisher=arcspace |access-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021060841/http://www.arcspace.com/architects/jacobsen/louisiana/Louisiana.html |archive-date=21 October 2009 }}</ref>

When, together with [[Erik Møller]], he won a competition for the design of [[Århus City Hall]] it was with yet another controversial design. It was deemed too modern and too anti-monumental. In the end Jacobsen had to add a tower as well as marble cladding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2590|title=ÅRHUS RÅDHUS (1942|publisher=Danish Architecture Center|access-date=16 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124042/http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2590|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> Still, it is considered one of his most important buildings. It consists of three offset volumes.

===World War II exile and return===
[[File:Arne jacobsen, Søholm I, 1946-1950.jpg|thumb|right|Søholm I terraced houses, Klampenborg]]
During [[World War II]], scarcity of building materials and [[Nuremberg Laws|Nazi racial laws against Jewish citizens]] made assignments difficult to obtain. In 1943, due to his [[Jewish]] background, Arne Jacobsen had to flee his office and go into exile to escape the Nazis' planned deportation of Jewish Danes to concentration camps. Along with other Jewish Danes and [[Rescue of the Danish Jews|with the help of the Danish resistance]], he fled Denmark, rowing a small boat across [[Øresund]] to neighboring Sweden where he would stay for the next two years. His architectural work was limited to a summer house for two doctors.<ref name="designmuseum"/> Instead he spent his time designing fabrics and wallpaper.

When the war ended in 1945, Jacobsen returned to Denmark and resumed his architectural career. The country was in urgent need of both housing and new public buildings but the primary need was for spartan buildings which could be built without delay.

After some years Jacobsen got his career back on track and with projects such as the Allehusene complex from 1952 and his [[Søholm Row Houses|Søholm terraced houses]] from 1955, he embarked on a more experimental phase. He moved into one of the Søholm houses and lived there until his death.<ref name="realea">{{cite web|url=http://www.realea.dk/upload/realea_strandvejeng_(3).pdf|title=ARNE JACOBSEN'S OWN HOUSE|publisher=Realea|access-date=20 January 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Arne jacobsen, rødovre town hall, stairwell 1952-1956.jpg|thumb|left|Rødovre Town Hall central staircase]]
[[Rødovre Town Hall]], built from 1952 to 1956, shows how well Jacobsen combined the use of different materials: sandstone, two types of glass, painted metalwork and stainless steel. It is also noted for its central staircase, suspended from the roof on orange-red steel rods. The sides are cut from 5&nbsp;cm steel plate, painted a dark grey; the steps, only a few millimeters thick, are stainless steel with a rubber coating on the upper side for better grip.

The [[Munkegaard School]] consists of pavilions connected by glass corridors, arranged in a grid system around small courtyards. It received considerable attention in international school circles and contributed to his growing international reputation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arnejacobsen.gentofte.dk/munkeg%C3%A5rdsskolen.htm|title=Munkegårdsskolen|publisher=arnejacobsen.gen|access-date=16 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407081655/http://www.arnejacobsen.gentofte.dk/munkeg%C3%A5rdsskolen.htm|archive-date=7 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2566|title=Munkegårdsskolen|publisher=Danish Architecture Centre|access-date=16 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124058/http://www.dac.dk/visKanonVaerk.asp?artikelID=2566|archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

===Large commissions===
With the [[Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, Copenhagen|SAS Royal Hotel]], built from 1956 to 1960, Jacobsen was given the opportunity to design what has been called "the world's first designer hotel."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/10/AR2009071001663.html|title=Where the Rooms Are the View|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=4 January 2010 | first=Michael | last=Kaminer | date=12 July 2009}}</ref> He designed everything from the building and its furniture and fittings to the ashtrays sold in the souvenir shop and the airport buses.

[[File:Catz Moat.jpg|thumb|St Catherine's College, Oxford, view from the west]]
These larger assignments started to attract attention and commissions from abroad. Rødovre Town Hall secured him an invitation for his first competition in Germany which was followed by a number of other German projects.

A delegation of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] [[University don|dons]] visited the SAS Hotel and the Munkegård School in their search for an architect for [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]]. They were soon convinced he was the right choice for their important commission.<ref name="designmuseum"/> Again Jacobsen designed everything, including the garden, down to the choice of fish species for the pond. The dining hall is notable for its Cumbrian slate floor. The original college buildings received a [[listed building|Grade I listing]] on 30 March 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1229934&resourceID=5 |title=Listed Buildings Online – St Catherines College, Podium And All Buildings Upon It |access-date=16 September 2008 |work=Heritage Gateway}}</ref> Some individual buildings on the campus also have their own, high, listings, including the [[Listed building|Grade I listed]] [[St Catherine's College Bicycle Store|bike shed]].<ref>{{NHLE|num=1229973|desc=St Catherine's College Bicycle Store|grade=I|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>

===Incomplete works===
When Arne Jacobsen died unexpectedly in 1971, he had a number of large projects under way. These included a new town hall in [[Mainz]], Germany, and in [[Castrop-Rauxel]], Germany, the [[Danmarks Nationalbank|Danish National Bank]] and the [[Embassy of Denmark, London|Royal Danish Embassy in London]]. These projects were completed by [[Dissing+Weitling]], a firm set up by his former key employees Hans Dissing and Otto Weitling.