Editing Arizona State University (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Arizona State University}}
[[File:Pres. Theodore Roosevelt at Old Main of Arizona State University.jpg|thumb|President Theodore Roosevelt addresses a crowd of students on the steps of the Old Main at Tempe Normal School (future Arizona State University), March 20, 1911.]]

===1885–1929===
[[File:Arizona State University Old Main circa 1890.jpg|thumb|Old Main on the Arizona Territorial Normal School (future Arizona State University) campus, {{circa|1890}}]]

Arizona State University was established as the '''Territorial Normal School''' at Tempe on March 12, 1885, when the [[13th Arizona Territorial Legislature]] passed an act to create a [[normal school]] to train teachers for the [[Arizona Territory]]. The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George and Martha Wilson. Classes began with 33 students on February 8, 1886. The curriculum evolved over the years and the name was changed several times; the institution was also known as '''Tempe Normal School of Arizona''' (1889–1903), '''Tempe Normal School''' (1903–1925), '''Tempe State Teachers College''' (1925–1929), '''Arizona State Teachers College''' (1929–1945), '''Arizona State College''' (1945–1958) and, by a 2–1 margin of the state's voters, '''Arizona State University''' in 1958.

In 1923, the school stopped offering [[Secondary school|high school]] courses and added a [[high school diploma]] to the admissions requirements. In 1925, the school became the '''Tempe State Teachers College''' and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates. In 1929, the [[9th Arizona State Legislature]] authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the '''Arizona State Teachers College'''.<ref name=TNS>{{cite web |url=http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/asu/tnsrec.xml |title=Tempe Normal School Records, 1885–1930 MSS-149 |year=2014 |publisher=Arizona Archives Online |access-date=May 27, 2014 |archive-date=May 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525233759/http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2Fasu%2Ftnsrec.xml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Academicprograms">{{cite web |url=http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/acpro.htm |title=The New ASU Story: Academic Programs |year=2001 |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=May 27, 2014 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095704/http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/acpro.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the 30-year tenure of president [[Arthur John Matthews]] (1900–1930), the school was given all-college student status. The first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision in 1902. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use. Matthews envisioned an "evergreen campus", with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of 110 Mexican Fan Palms on what is now known as [[Palm Walk]], a century-old landmark of the Tempe campus.

During the [[Great Depression]], [[Ralph Waldo Swetman]] was hired to succeed President Matthews, coming to Arizona State Teachers College in 1930 from Humboldt State Teachers College where he had served as president. He served a three-year term, during which he focused on improving teacher-training programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/preslist.htm|title=Principals and Presidents of Arizona State University – ASU Library|website=Asu.edu|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629190306/http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/preslist.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> During his tenure, enrollment at the college doubled, topping the 1,000 mark for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/pages/11lead.htm|title=ASU Library: The New ASU Story: Landmarks|website=Asu.edu|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031717/http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/pages/11lead.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Matthews also conceived of a self-supported summer session at the school at Arizona State Teachers College, a first for the school.

===1930–1989===
[[File:FLW Gammage Auditorium ASU PHX AZ 20186.JPG|thumb|ASU's [[Gammage Auditorium]], designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]]]

In 1933, [[Grady Gammage]], then president of [[Northern Arizona University|Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff]], became president of Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe, beginning a tenure that would last for nearly 28 years, second only to Swetman's 30 years at the college's helm. Like President Porter Eric Gasvoda before him, Gammage oversaw the construction of several buildings on the Tempe campus. He also guided the development of the university's graduate programs; the first Master of Arts in Education was awarded in 1938, the first Doctor of Education degree in 1954 and 10 non-teaching master's degrees were approved by the [[Arizona Board of Regents]] in 1956. During his presidency, the school's name was changed to '''Arizona State College''' in 1945, and finally to '''Arizona State University''' in 1958. At the time, two other names were considered: '''Tempe University''' and '''State University at Tempe'''.<ref name="ASU50th">{{cite web|title=ASU's 50th Anniversary|date=November 4, 2008|url=https://asunow.asu.edu/content/asus-50th-anniversary|publisher=Arizona State University|access-date=March 28, 2016|archive-date=April 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408015451/https://asunow.asu.edu/content/asus-50th-anniversary|url-status=live}}</ref> Among Gammage's greatest achievements in Tempe was the [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]-designed construction of what is [[Gammage Memorial Auditorium|Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium/ASU Gammage]]. One of the university's hallmark buildings, ASU Gammage was completed in 1964, five years after the president's (and Wright's) death.

Gammage was succeeded by [[Harold D. Richardson]], who had served the school earlier in a variety of roles beginning in 1939, including director of graduate studies, college registrar, dean of instruction, dean of the College of Education and academic vice president. Although filling the role of acting president of the university for just nine months (Dec. 1959 to Sept. 1960), Richardson laid the groundwork for the future recruitment and appointment of well-credentialed research science faculty.

By the 1960s, under [[G. Homer Durham]], the university's 11th president, ASU began to expand its curriculum by establishing several new colleges and, in 1961, the Arizona Board of Regents authorized doctoral degree programs in six fields, including [[Doctor of Philosophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/pages/16lead.htm|title=ASU Library: The New ASU Story: Leadership|website=Asu.edu|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084116/http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/pages/16lead.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of his nine-year tenure, ASU had more than doubled enrollment, reporting 23,000 in 1969.

The next three presidents—[[Harry K. Newburn]] (1969–71), [[John W. Schwada]] (1971–81) and [[J. Russell Nelson]] (1981–89), including and Interim President Richard Peck (1989)—led the university to increased academic stature, the establishment of the [[Arizona State University West campus|ASU West Valley campus]] in 1984 and its subsequent construction in 1986, a focus on computer-assisted learning and research, and rising enrollment.

===1990–present===
[[File:ASU Main - Barrett02 - 2009-08-28.JPG|thumbnail|upright=1.35|left|Example of a new academic village, taken at Barrett, The Honors College on the Tempe Campus]]
Under the leadership of [[Lattie F. Coor]], president from 1990 to 2002, ASU grew through the creation of the [[Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus|Polytechnic campus]] and extended education sites. Increased commitment to diversity, quality in [[undergraduate education]], research, and economic development occurred over his 12-year tenure. Part of Coor's legacy to the university was a successful fundraising campaign: through private donations, more than $500&nbsp;million was invested in areas that would significantly impact the future of ASU. Among the campaign's achievements were the naming and endowing of [[Barrett, The Honors College]], and the [[Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts]]; the creation of many new endowed faculty positions; and hundreds of new scholarships and fellowships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/pages/21lead.htm|title=ASU Library: The New ASU Story: Leadership|website=Asu.edu|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212032031/http://www.asu.edu/lib/archives/asustory/pages/21lead.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Asubiodesign.jpg|thumb|ASU's [[Biodesign Institute]] on Tempe campus]]

In 2002, [[Michael M. Crow]] became the university's 16th president. At his inauguration, he outlined his vision for transforming ASU into a "[[New American University model|New American University]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newamericanuniversity.asu.edu/|title=Home – New American University|website=Newamericanuniversity.asu.edu|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=December 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208110720/https://newamericanuniversity.asu.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>—one that would be open and inclusive, and set a goal for the university to meet [[Association of American Universities]] criteria and to become a member.<ref name="ASU"/> Crow initiated the idea of transforming ASU into "One university in many places"—a single institution comprising several campuses, sharing students, faculty, staff and accreditation. Subsequent reorganizations<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asunews.asu.edu/20090121_reorg |title=Academic Reorganization |publisher=Asunews.asu.edu |date=January 21, 2009 |access-date=July 8, 2014 |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324223537/https://asunews.asu.edu/20090121_reorg |url-status=live }}</ref> combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced staff and administration as the university expanded its [[Arizona State University at the West campus|West]] Valley and Polytechnic campuses. ASU's [[Arizona State University at the Downtown Phoenix campus|Downtown Phoenix campus]] was also expanded, with several colleges and schools relocating there. The university established learning centers throughout the state, including the [[Colleges@ASU|ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City]] and programs in Thatcher, Yuma, and Tucson. Students at these centers can choose from several ASU degree and certificate programs.

During Crow's tenure, and aided by hundreds of millions of dollars in donations, ASU began a years-long research facility capital building effort that led to the establishment of the [[Biodesign Institute]] at Arizona State University, the [[ASU School of Sustainability|Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability]], and several large interdisciplinary research buildings. Along with the research facilities, the university faculty was expanded, including the addition of five [[Nobel Laureates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asunews.asu.edu/20091012_ostrom_nobel|title=ASU's Ostrom wins Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences|date=October 12, 2009|website=Asunews.asu.edu|access-date=December 11, 2017|archive-date=September 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902091540/https://asunews.asu.edu/20091012_ostrom_nobel|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://asunow.asu.edu/20160506-asu-news-nobel-laureate-frank-wilczek-joins-asu|title=Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek joins ASU|date=May 9, 2016|first=Scott|last=Seckel|website=ASU Now|access-date=June 28, 2018|archive-date=June 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022241/https://asunow.asu.edu/20160506-asu-news-nobel-laureate-frank-wilczek-joins-asu|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2002, the university's research expenditures have tripled and more than 1.5&nbsp;million square feet of space has been added to the university's research facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asunews.asu.edu/20121115_naustory |title=ASU's 'golden decade' and the rise of a New American University &#124; ASU News |publisher=Asunews.asu.edu |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=July 8, 2014 |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022145251/https://asunews.asu.edu/20121115_naustory |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Great Recession|economic downturn]] that began in 2008 took a particularly hard toll on Arizona, resulting in large cuts to ASU's budget. In response to these cuts, ASU capped enrollment, closed some four dozen academic programs, combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced university faculty, staff and administrators;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asu.edu/budgetcuts |title=Fiscal Year 2009 state budget cuts force ASU to cap enrollment, freshman applications close March 1, five months early |publisher=Arizona State University Office of Public Affairs |access-date=October 16, 2015 |archive-date=August 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813144832/http://www.asu.edu/budgetcuts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with an economic recovery underway in 2011, however, the university continued its campaign to expand the West Valley and Polytechnic Campuses,<ref>{{cite web |last=Wright |first=Lesley |url=http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/2011/06/19/20110619asu-academic-villages.html |title=ASU Building Academic Villages |publisher=Azcentral.com |date=June 19, 2011 |access-date=July 8, 2014 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20220226073949/https://help.azcentral.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and establish a low-cost, teaching-focused extension campus in [[Lake Havasu City]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url = http://havasu.asu.edu|title = Colleges at Lake Havasu|publisher = Arizona State University|access-date = July 8, 2014|archive-date = July 8, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140708225335/https://havasu.asu.edu/|url-status = live}}</ref> As of 2011, an article in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' reported that, "the bottom line looks good", noting that:<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph|first=Mark|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/top_right/2011/08/michael_crow_president_arizona_state_university.html|title=Michael Crow, the university president who is trying to remake the American public university|work=Slate Magazine|date=August 16, 2011|access-date=February 16, 2019|archive-date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206063435/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/top_right/2011/08/michael_crow_president_arizona_state_university.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{blockquote|Since Crow's arrival, ASU's research funding has almost tripled to nearly $350 million. Degree production has increased by 45 percent. And thanks to an ambitious aid program, enrollment of students from Arizona families below poverty is up 647 percent.}}

On May 1, 2014, ASU was listed as one of [[U.S. Department of Education Releases List of Higher Education Institutions with Open Title IX Sexual Violence Investigations|fifty-five higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights]] "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by Barack Obama's White House Task Force To Protect Students from Sexual Assault.<ref>{{cite news|title=ASU among schools in US federal sex assault probe|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/1/asu-among-schools-in-us-federal-sex-assault-probe/|access-date=September 18, 2014|work=The Washington Times|agency=Associated Press|date=May 1, 2014|archive-date=December 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208171755/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/1/asu-among-schools-in-us-federal-sex-assault-probe/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=EDAnnounce>{{cite web |title=U.S. Department of Education Releases List of Higher Education Institutions with Open Title IX Sexual Violence Investigations |url=http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-releases-list-higher-education-institutions-open-title-i |website=U.S. Department of Education |access-date=August 6, 2014 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714000905/http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-releases-list-higher-education-institutions-open-title-i |url-status=live }}</ref> The publicly announced investigation followed two Title IX suits.<ref name="two previous suits">{{cite web|last1=Ryman|first1=Anne|title=ASU settled at least two previous sexual-violence suits|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/05/01/arizona-state-universities-sex-assault-inquiry/8565811/|website=Arizona Central|access-date=July 26, 2014|archive-date=August 3, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140803091900/http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/05/01/arizona-state-universities-sex-assault-inquiry/8565811/|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2014, a group of at least nine current and former students who alleged they were harassed or assaulted asked the federal investigation be expanded.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ryman|first1=Anne|title=Feds: ASU sex-assault probe ongoing|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/07/10/asu-students-ask-feds-broaden-sexual-assault-probe/12491247/|access-date=September 18, 2014|work=The Arizona Republic|publisher=Gannett|date=July 10, 2014|archive-date=September 18, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140918020558/http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/07/10/asu-students-ask-feds-broaden-sexual-assault-probe/12491247/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2014 ASU president Michael Crow appointed a task force<ref>{{cite web|title=ASU wants campus 'free from threat of sexual violence'|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/08/22/asu-wants-campus-free-threat-sexual-violence/14445703|website=azcentral.com|publisher=Gannett|access-date=November 26, 2014|archive-date=August 23, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140823034120/http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/08/22/asu-wants-campus-free-threat-sexual-violence/14445703/|url-status=live}}</ref> comprising faculty and staff, students, and members of the university police force to review the university's efforts to address sexual violence. Crow accepted the recommendations of the task force in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASU president approves sexual violence task force recommendations |url=https://asunews.asu.edu/20141121-sexual-violence-task-force |website=ASU News |date=November 21, 2014 |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=November 26, 2014 |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213112958/https://asunews.asu.edu/20141121-sexual-violence-task-force |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Thunderbird School of Global Management]] became the Thunderbird School of Global Management at ASU. Partnerships for education and research with [[Mayo Clinic]] established collaborative degree programs in health care and law, and shared administrator positions, laboratories and classes at the Mayo Clinic Arizona campus.

The Beus Center for Law and Society, the new home of ASU's [[Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law]], opened in fall 2016 on the Downtown Phoenix campus, relocating faculty and students from the Tempe campus to the state capital.<ref name="beus">{{cite web|last=Terrill|first=Marshall|url=https://asunow.asu.edu/20160816-arizona-impact-center-law-and-society-stands-inclusion|title=Center for Law and Society stands for inclusion|publisher=Arizona State University|date=August 15, 2016|access-date=June 28, 2018|archive-date=June 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022222/https://asunow.asu.edu/20160816-arizona-impact-center-law-and-society-stands-inclusion|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2024, ASU announced several cuts in response to state budget cuts, including the closure of the Lake Havasu City campus, a reduction of the Arizona Teachers Academy and the addition of a "tuition surcharge".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rummel |first=Helen |title=ASU to add tuition surcharge, close Lake Havasu campus after state budget cuts |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2024/09/23/asu-to-add-tuition-surcharge-close-campus-after-arizona-budget-cuts/75311690007/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]] |language=en-US}}</ref>