Editing Archibald Cox (section)

==Early life, education and private practice==

===Family and ancestors===
Cox was born in [[Plainfield, New Jersey]] in 1912, the son of Archibald and Frances "Fanny" Bruen Perkins Cox, the eldest of seven children.{{efn|Cox's siblings were: Elizabeth "Betty" (born 1913), Mary "Molly" (1916), Robert (1919), Maxwell (1922), Louis (1924) and Rowland (1928).{{sfn|Gormley|1997|p=8}}}} His father Archibald Sr. (Harvard College, 1896; Harvard Law School, 1899<ref name="FathObit">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/03/01/archives/obituary-4-no-title.html|title=Archibald Cox: New York Lawyer dies at Age of 56 in Home at Rahway, N.J.|work=New York Times|date=February 28, 1931|page=30|access-date=March 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725215433/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/03/01/archives/obituary-4-no-title.html|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>) was the son of a Manhattan lawyer, Rowland Cox, and rose to prominence as a patent and trademark lawyer, and who wrote ''Cox's Manual on Trade Marks''.{{efn|''See'' {{harvnb|Gormley|1997|p=4}}. The volume edited by Cox's grandfather was: {{cite book|last=Cox|first=Rowland|title=American Trade Mark Cases: A Compilation of All the Reported Trade Mark Cases Decided in the American Courts prior to the year 1871. With an Appendix Containing the Leading English Cases …|location=Cincinnati|publisher=R. Clarke|year=1871}}}} When Rowland Cox died suddenly in 1900, Archibald Sr. inherited his father's solo practice almost right out of law school. He built on that start to become successful in his own right.<ref name="NYTObit">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/30/nyregion/archibald-cox-92-is-dead-helped-prosecute-watergate.html|title=Archibald Cox, 92, Is Dead; Helped Prosecute Watergate|work=New York Times|date=May 30, 2004|page=N32|access-date=March 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620024941/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/30/nyregion/archibald-cox-92-is-dead-helped-prosecute-watergate.html|archive-date=June 20, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> His most prominent achievement was securing the red cross as the trademark of [[Johnson & Johnson]].{{sfn|Gormley|1997|p=4}} Compared to the lawyers on his mother's side, his father (as Archibald Jr. reflected late in his life) did not participate much in public service, although he had "done a few things for [[Woodrow Wilson]] … at the time of the peace conference" and was president of the local Board of Education.{{sfn|Hilbink|2000|p=1:22}} He also served as a member of the New Jersey Rapid Transit Commission.<ref name="FathObit"/>

===Education===
[[File:Sheldon Lib SPS.JPG|left|thumbnail|The library at St. Paul's School in New Hampshire]]Cox attended the private [[Wardlaw-Hartridge School|Wardlaw School]], then located in Plainfield, New Jersey, until he was fourteen.{{sfn|Hilbink|2000|pp=1–2}} Afterwards, he studied at [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]] in New Hampshire, attending due to his father's intervention on his behalf despite low grades.<ref name="CSpanInt">{{harvnb|Collins|1987}}</ref>

Cox thrived at St. Paul and in his final year, he won the Hugh Camp Memorial Cup for public speaking and led the school's debate team to defeat [[Groton School|Groton]].{{sfn|Gormley|1997|p=16}} It was during this period that he read [[Albert J. Beveridge|Beveridge]]'s ''Life of John Marshall'', which was an important early ingredient in Cox's progressive view of the law.{{sfn|Hilbink|2000|pp=1:4–5}} With a warm recommendation from the head-master (and family connections), Cox was able to enter [[Harvard College]] in 1930.

====College====
At Harvard, Cox joined a [[Final Club|final club]], the [[Delphic Club]], called the "Gashouse" for its parties, gambling and liquor (during [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]).{{sfn|Gormley|1997|pp=20–21}} He majored in history, government and economics and did slightly better than "gentlemanly Cs."<ref>{{harvnb|Hilbink|2000|p=1:5}}; {{harvnb|Gormley|1997|p=21}}.</ref>

It was during the second semester of his freshman year that his father died, at age 56.<ref name = "FathObit"/> For Cox's senior thesis he proposed analyzing the constitutional differences of the composition between the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] through early American history. His advisor, [[Paul Herman Buck|Paul Buck]], told him he did not "have brains enough" for the project. Cox took up the challenge and completed ''Senatorial Saucer.''{{efn|The title of the paper referred to [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]'s explanation to the French of the function of the Senate: just as pouring tea into a saucer cools it, so legislation coming from the House ("hot" because of the populist composition of that body) is cooled in the Senate (which is less populist because they are appointed by the states rather than elected by the people). One aspect of the research that would later relate to Cox's most famous episode was the impeachment and acquittal of Supreme Court Justice [[Samuel Chase]] in 1803. Chase was the first nationally known official to be impeached by the House.{{sfn|Gormley|1997|p=26}}}} As a result of the work Cox was able to graduate with honors in History.{{sfn|Hilbink|2000|pp=1:6–7}} Cox continued on to Harvard Law School in 1934.

====Law school====
Cox thrived at law school, ranking first in his class of 593 at the end of his first year.<ref>{{harvnb|Gormley|1997|pp=1:26–28}}; {{harvnb|Hilbink|2000|pp=9, 12–13}}.</ref> Cox's second year was taken up with work on the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. He also met his future wife Phyllis Ames. Cox proposed to her after only three or four meetings. She initially put him off, but by March 1936 they were engaged.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/03/15/archives/ames-cox.html|title=Ames—Cox|work=New York Times|date=March 15, 1936|page=N7|access-date=March 31, 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726005846/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/03/15/archives/ames-cox.html|archive-date=July 26, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Phyllis, who graduated [[Smith College|Smith]] the year before, was the granddaughter of [[James Barr Ames]], one time dean of Harvard Law School and noted for popularizing the [[casebook method]] of legal study.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/19/archives/phyllis-ames-to-be-wed-to-archibald-cox-in-ceremony-on-june-12-at.html|title=Phyllis Ames to Be Wed to Archibald Cox In Ceremony on June 12 at Wayland, Mass.|work=New York Times|date=March 19, 1937|page=20|access-date=March 10, 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725215719/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/19/archives/phyllis-ames-to-be-wed-to-archibald-cox-in-ceremony-on-june-12-at.html|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Professor (and later United States Associate Justice) [[Felix Frankfurter]] wrote them a congratulatory note on their betrothal, which exclaimed: "My God, what a powerful legal combination!"{{sfn|Gormley|1997|p=33}} Cox graduated in 1937 ''magna cum laude'', one of nine receiving the highest honor awarded by the law school that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/24/archives/harvard-university-confers-2062-degrees-at-todays-commencement.html|title=Harvard University Confers 2,062 Degrees at Today's Commencement Exercises|work=New York Times|date=June 24, 1937|page=28|access-date=March 12, 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313001712/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/24/archives/harvard-university-confers-2062-degrees-at-todays-commencement.html|archive-date=March 13, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Two weeks before his commencement, Cox and Phyllis married.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/13/archives/phyllis-ames-wed-in-floral-setting-married-in-wayland-mass-to.html|title=Phyllis Ames Wed in Floral Setting|work=New York Times|date=June 13, 1937|page=138|access-date=March 12, 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214602/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/13/archives/phyllis-ames-wed-in-floral-setting-married-in-wayland-mass-to.html|archive-date=July 25, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Moving to New York City after law school, Cox served as a clerk with United States District Court Judge [[Learned Hand]].<ref name="CSpanInt" />

===Private practice and wartime service===
After a year in New York City, Cox accepted an associate position with the Boston law firm of [[Ropes, Gray, Best, Coolidge and Rugg]]. After World War II began, Cox took a position in the United States Solicitor General's office. By 1943, Cox had advanced to become Assistant Solicitor of the Labor Department.

====Solicitor in the Labor Department====
As associate solicitor, Cox' job in the Labor Department was to supervise enforcement at the District Court level of federal labor statutes. Cox had a staff of eight lawyers in Washington and supervised the department's regional offices, including deciding when a regional attorney could bring suit. Most of the litigation involved wage and hours issues under the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]]. His background in the solicitor general's office also allowed him to handle much of the appellate work.{{sfn|Hilbink|2000|p=49}} By virtue of his position, Cox also occasionally sat as an alternative public member of the Wage Adjustment Board, which dealt with the construction industry and attempted to maintain labor peace by mediating non-wage disputes and setting prevailing wage rates and increases under the [[Davis–Bacon Act]].<ref>{{cite book|
last1=Dunlop|first1=John T|last2=Hill|first2=Arthur D.|title=The Wage Adjustment Board: Wartime Stabilization in the Building and Construction Industry|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1950|lccn=50010218|page=40 & passim}}</ref>

===Harvard faculty and labor arbitrator===
After WWII was over, Cox returned to the law firm Ropes, Gray with the intention of spending his professional career there. Instead, he lasted five weeks.<ref name="CSpanInt"/> Dean [[James M. Landis|Landis]] of the Harvard Law School offered to hire Cox as a probationary teacher in the fall of 1945. Cox accepted, despite the substantial cut in salary he would take, but on the condition that he would not have to teach corporations or property. Landis agreed; his expectation was that Cox should become a nationally recognized expert in [[labor law]].{{sfn|Gormley|1997|pp=59–60}} In addition to [[labor law]], Cox started out teaching [[tort]]s. Later he would also teach [[unfair competition]], [[Law of agency|agency]] and [[administrative law]].{{sfn|Hilbink|2000|p=54}} He was made a permanent professor during the 1946–47 academic year, a time when the law school greatly increased enrollment in the post-war boom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresults&handle=hein.journals/hlrec1500&id=235&size=2&collection=journals&terms=Archibald%20Cox&termtype=phrase&set_as_cursor=3828|title=Dean's Report Cites Record of Veterans|work=Harvard Law School Record|volume=5|number=12|date=January 6, 1948|page=1|access-date=April 7, 2016|via=[[Heinonline.org]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424104129/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresults&handle=hein.journals%2Fhlrec1500&id=235&size=2&collection=journals&terms=Archibald%20Cox&termtype=phrase&set_as_cursor=3828|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

As a legal scholar and professor at Harvard throughout the 1950s, Cox became immensely influential in the labor field. His writing was so prolific that Dean [[Erwin Griswold|Griswold]] pointed to Cox when he needed an example of the kind of academic output he was seeking from the faculty.{{sfn|Gormley|1997|p=84}} Given that the peak of his academic career also coincided with the enactment of the statutes that defined industrial relations, his work, usually the first on any new topic, shaped the Supreme Court's thinking. His one-time student and later colleague [[Derek Bok]] described this influence:

{{Blockquote|text=In the 1950s, the National Labor Relations Act was still relatively new, and the Taft-Hartley Act was in its infancy. Over the decade, the Supreme Court had a series of opportunities to clarify the meaning of good faith bargaining, the scope of mandatory arbitration, the legal status of arbitration, and other important issues of policy left open by Congress. In case after case, when the majority reached the critical point of decision, the justices would rely on one of Archie's articles.{{sfn|Bok|2006|p=462}}}}

In addition to his direct effect on Supreme Court decisions,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/berkjemp4&start_page=483&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=493|last=Lynd|first=Slaughton|title=Government without Rights: The Labor Law Vision of Archibald Cox|journal=Industrial Relations Law Journal|volume=4|number=3|pages=483–495, 487 n. 36|date=Summer 1981|access-date=April 10, 2016|via=[[Heinonline.org]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222645/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fberkjemp4&start_page=483&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=493|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Cox's scholarly writing influenced other academics and practitioners who widely cited him. ''[[The Journal of Legal Studies]]'' lists Cox as one of the most-cited legal scholars of the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shapiro |first=Fred R. |year=2000 |title=The Most-Cited Legal Scholars |journal=Journal of Legal Studies |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=409–426 |doi=10.1086/468080|s2cid=143676627 }}</ref> The framework he developed, first in the two articles with Dunlop in 1950–51, then elaborated on his own, became the standard view of the Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts. It assumed roughly equal bargaining power between union and management and interpreted the labor laws (often contrary to the language of the statutes themselves) to limit individual employee rights unless pursued by his bargaining agent, to restrict the subjects on which management is required to bargain based on past practices, to permit unions to waive rights the statutes otherwise gave to employees and in general to advocate the notion that labor statutes should be interpreted to promote industrial peace over enhancing the economic power of labor.<ref>''See'' {{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/berkjemp4&collection=journals&index=&id=345|last=Harper|first=Michael C.|title=Union Waiver of Employee Rights under the NLRA: Part I|journal=Industrial Relations Law Journal|volume=4|number=1|date=Summer 1981|pages=335–389|access-date=April 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426204502/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fberkjemp4&collection=journals&index=&id=345|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} {{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/berkjemp4&start_page=483&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=493|last=Lynd|first=Slaughton|title=Government without Rights: The Labor Law Vision of Archibald Cox|journal=Industrial Relations Law Journal|volume=4|number=3|pages=483–495|date=Summer 1981|access-date=April 10, 2016|via=[[Heinonline.org]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222645/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fberkjemp4&start_page=483&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=493|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} {{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/clr80&start_page=267&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=283|last=Kaden|first=Lewis B.|title=Judges and Arbitrators: Observations on the Scope of Judicial Review|journal=Columbia Law Review|volume=80|number=2|date=March 1980|pages=267–298|access-date=April 10, 2016|doi=10.2307/1121921|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426205420/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fclr80&start_page=267&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=283|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|jstor=1121921}} {{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/mnlr62&start_page=265&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults#&id=279|last=Klare|first=Karl E.|title=Judicial Deradicalization of the Wagner Act and the Origins of Modern Legal Consciousness, 1937–1941|journal=Minnesota Law Review|volume=62|number=3|date=March 1978|pages=265–340|access-date=April 10, 2016|via=[[Heinonline]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426231436/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fmnlr62&start_page=265&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults#&id=279|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The framework remained the dominant view of federal labor relations until the late 1950s when concerns over member participation began to shape policy.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresults&handle=hein.journals/berkjemp20&size=2&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=&id=7|last=Schiller|first=Reuel E.|title=From Group Rights to Individual Liberties: Post-War Labor Law, Liberalism, and the Waning of Union Strength|journal=Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law|volume=20|number=1|year=1999|pages=1–73|access-date=April 15, 2016|via=[[Heinonline.org]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507030421/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresults&handle=hein.journals%2Fberkjemp20&size=2&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=&id=7|archive-date=May 7, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} {{cite journal|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/dlr87&start_page=253&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=263|last=Carney|first=James T.|title=In Defense of Industrial Pluralism|journal=Dickinson Law Review|volume=87|number=2|date=Winter 1983|pages=253–264|access-date=April 10, 2016|via=[[Heinonline.org]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426232623/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fdlr87&start_page=253&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults&id=263|archive-date=April 26, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} {{cite journal|url=http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4729&context=penn_law_review|title=The Radical Potential of the Wagner Act: The Duty to Bargain Collectively|journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review|volume=129|number=6|pages=1392–1426|date=June 1981|access-date=April 10, 2016|doi=10.2307/3311962|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429005557/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4729&context=penn_law_review|archive-date=April 29, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all|jstor=3311962|s2cid=85513162 }} {{cite journal|last=Tomlins|first=Christopher L.|title=The New Deal, Collective Bargaining, and the Triumph of Industrial Pluralism|journal=Industrial and Labor Relations Review|volume=39|number=1|date=October 1985|pages=19–34|doi=10.2307/2523535|jstor=2523535}}</ref> It would be Cox and his work with Senator John F. Kennedy on the bill that became the [[Landrum–Griffin Act]] that would initiate the new framework.