Editing Arc de Triomphe (section)

== History ==
=== Construction and late 19th century ===
[[File:Paris - Orthophotographie - 2018 - Place Charles-de-Gaulle 02.jpg|left|thumb|Avenues radiate from the Arc de Triomphe in [[Place Charles de Gaulle]], the former Place de l'Étoile.]]

The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the [[Seine]] at the centre of a [[Place Charles de Gaulle|dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues]]. It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] by Emperor [[Napoleon]] at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his new bride, Archduchess [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie-Louise]] of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, [[Jean Chalgrin]], died in 1811 and the work was taken over by [[Jean-Nicolas Huyot]].

During the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], construction was halted, and it would not be completed until the reign of [[Louis Philippe I]], between 1833 and 1836, by the architects Goust, then Huyot, under the direction of [[Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury|Héricart de Thury]]. The final cost was reported at about 10,000,000 francs (equivalent to an estimated €65 million or $75 million in 2020).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpx9pqp_d5AC&dq=%2210,432,000+francs%22+triomphe&pg=PP252 |title=L'Abeille |date=1848 |publisher=Petit Séminaire de Québec |language=fr |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112200258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpx9pqp_d5AC&dq=%2210,432,000+francs%22+triomphe&pg=PP252 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Currency Converter |url=https://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=www.historicalstatistics.org |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120202259/http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 December 1840, [[Retour des cendres|brought back to France]] from [[Saint Helena]], Napoleon's remains passed under it on their way to the Emperor's [[Napoleon's tomb|final resting place]] at {{lang|fr|[[Les Invalides]]|italic=no}}.<ref>[http://www.paris.org/Musees/Invalides/ Hôtel des Invalides website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725104448/http://www.paris.org/Musees/Invalides/ |date=25 July 2008 }}.</ref> Before burial in the [[Panthéon]], the body of [[Victor Hugo]] was displayed under the Arc on the night of 22 May 1885.

<br><gallery mode="packed">
File:Barrière de l'étoile, QB.244a (cropped).jpg|The Arc de Triomphe under construction between the toll houses of the ''Barrière de l'Étoile'', 1818.
File:Funerailles de l'Empereur Napoleon.png|State funeral of Emperor [[Napoleon]], 15 December 1840.
File:Nouveau Paris. - Vue générale du rond-point de l'Etoile dessin de M. Bertrand. - Voir page 610. QB.298.jpg|The Place de l'Étoile and Arc de Triomphe, 1868.
File:Les officiels regroupés sous l'Arc de Triomphe, 4246(2).jpg|State funeral of [[Victor Hugo]], 31 May 1885.
</gallery>

=== 20th century ===
The sword carried by the ''Republic'' in the ''Marseillaise'' relief broke off on the day, it is said, that the [[Battle of Verdun]] began in 1916. The relief was immediately hidden by [[tarpaulin]]s to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.placesinfrance.com/history_arc_de_triomphe.html |title=History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris |publisher=Places in France |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007100623/http://placesinfrance.com/history_arc_de_triomphe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 

[[File:Avenue des Champs-Élysées 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Arc de Triomphe is located on Paris's ''[[Axe historique]]'', a long perspective that runs from the [[Louvre]] to the [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense.]]

On 7 August 1919 three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919 (marking the end of hostilities in World War I), [[Charles Godefroy]] flew his [[Nieuport]] biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histoire-image.org/site/oeuvre/analyse.php?i=260&d=441 |title=Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image |publisher=Histoire-image.org |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040558/http://www.histoire-image.org/site/oeuvre/analyse.php?i=260&d=441 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Melville Wallace, ''La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918'', Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's ''Four Years of Thunder''.</ref><ref>* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572980s « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930200901/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k572980s |date=30 September 2020 }}, ''[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]'' from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k809713r « Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921024431/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k809713r |date=21 September 2020 }}, ''[[L'Écho de Paris]]'' from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k299396b « L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023063334/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k299396b |date=23 October 2020 }}, par Raoul Alexandre, [[L'Humanité]] from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k789003z « Un avion, ce matin, est passé sous l'Arc de Triomphe »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921042046/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k789003z |date=21 September 2020 }}, par Paul Cartoux, [[L'Intransigeant]] from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 6.
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k243729f « Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028100422/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k243729f |date=28 October 2020 }}, ''[[Le Temps (1861-1942)|Le Temps]]'' from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.</ref> [[Jean Navarre]] was the pilot who was tasked to make the flight, but he died on 10 July 1919 when he crashed near [[Villacoublay]] while training for the flight

[[File:Crowds of French patriots line the Champs Elysees-edit2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Free France|Free French]] forces on parade after the [[liberation of Paris]] on 26 August 1944.]]

Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual [[Bastille Day military parade]]. Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the [[German Empire|Germans]] in 1871, the French in 1919, the [[Occupation of France by Nazi Germany|Germans]] in 1940, and the [[Liberation of Paris|French and Allies]] in 1944<ref>[http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?size=457x275_mb&provider_id=38&ptp_photo_id=79689 Image of Liberation of Paris parade] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011119/http://pictopia.com/perl/get_image?size=457x275_mb&provider_id=38&ptp_photo_id=79689 |date=28 September 2007 }}.</ref> and 1945. A United States [[postage stamp]] of 1945 shows the ''Arc de Triomphe'' in the background as victorious American troops march down the Champs-Élysées and U.S. airplanes fly overhead on 29 August 1944. After the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (France)|interment of the Unknown Soldier]], however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both [[Hitler]] in 1940 and [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1944 observed this custom.

By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through [[bleaching]]. In the prolongation of the Avenue des [[Champs-Élysées]], a new arch, the [[Grande Arche]] de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's ''Axe historique''. After the ''[[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]]'' and the ''Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile'', the ''Grande Arche'' is the third arch built on the same perspective.

In 1995, the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a [[1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings|campaign of bombings]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/world/bomb-near-arc-de-triomphe-wounds-17.html |title=Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17 |newspaper=New York Times |date=18 August 1995 |access-date=8 January 2015 |last1=Simons |first1=Marlise |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108151545/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/18/world/bomb-near-arc-de-triomphe-wounds-17.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 July 1998, when [[France national football team|France]] won the [[FIFA World Cup]] for the first time after defeating [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] [[1998 FIFA World Cup final|3–0]] at the [[Stade de France]], images of the players including double goal scorer [[Zinedine Zidane]] and their names along with celebratory messages were projected onto the arch.<ref>{{cite web |title=France 98 : Nuit de fête sur les Champs-Elysées après la victoire (Archive INA) |trans-title=France 98: Night of celebration on the Champs-Elysées after the victory |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyuVIRDtel4 |publisher=Institut National de l'Audiovisuel |author=((France 2)) |date=13 July 1998 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=YouTube |language=FR |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720151350/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WyuVIRDtel4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<br><gallery mode="packed">
File:Parijs (Frankrijk) Waaghalzerij in de lucht, SFA006011795.jpg|[[Charles Godefroy]] flying through the Arc de Triomphe in 1919.
File:Paris. Arc de Triomphe. Postcard, c.1920.jpg|Arc de Triomphe, postcard, {{Circa|1920}}.
File:Collier's 1921 Vol 4 Frontispiece -- Paris.jpg|A colourized aerial photograph of the southern side, published in 1921.
File:Avenue des Champs-Élysées in 1939.jpg|Arc de Triomphe in 1939.
</gallery>

=== 21st century ===
In late 2018, the Arc de Triomphe suffered acts of vandalism as part of the [[Yellow vests protests]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Irish |first1=John |title=Macron mulls state of emergency after worst unrest in decades |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests/macron-visits-riot-damaged-arc-de-triomphe-state-of-emergency-mulled-idUKKBN1O1076 |website=Reuters |date=2 December 2018 |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726082232/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-protests/macron-visits-riot-damaged-arc-de-triomphe-state-of-emergency-mulled-idUKKBN1O1076 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The vandals sprayed the monument with graffiti and ransacked its small museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=Arc de Triomphe to Reopen After Being Vandalized During 'Yellow Vest' Protests |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/arc-de-triomphe-reopen-after-being-vandalized-during-yellow-vest-protests-180970994/ |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065445/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/arc-de-triomphe-reopen-after-being-vandalized-during-yellow-vest-protests-180970994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2021, the arc was wrapped in a silvery blue fabric and red rope,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's Why The Arc De Triomphe Was Just Wrapped In Fabric |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/17/1038287275/arc-de-triomphe-christo-jeanne-claude-wrapped |access-date=19 September 2021 |newspaper=NPR |date=17 September 2021 |language=en |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919220900/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/17/1038287275/arc-de-triomphe-christo-jeanne-claude-wrapped |url-status=live }}</ref> as part of [[L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped]], a posthumous project planned by artists [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude]] since the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Brigit |title=L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped: Christo's dream being realised |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/13/larc-de-triomphe-wrapped-christo-dream-bulgarian-artist |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=13 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620210243/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jun/13/larc-de-triomphe-wrapped-christo-dream-bulgarian-artist |url-status=live }}</ref>

<br><gallery mode="packed">
File:Arc de Triomphe de lÉtoile, Paris 7 June 2012.jpg|View of the Arc de Triomphe from the [[Avenue d'Iéna]], 2012.
File:Secretary Kerry, French Foreign Minister Fabius, Ambassador Hartley Pause After 70th Anniversary VE Day Wreath-Laying Ceremony in Paris (17421255431).jpg|[[Laurent Fabius]], Minister of Foreign Affairs, with [[John Kerry]], U.S. Secretary of State, under the Arc de Triomphe in 2015.
File:Bastille Day Parade 170714-D-PB383-005 (35087624434).jpg|[[Bastille Day]] military parade, 2017.
File:PARADE DES CHAMPIONS PARIS 2024 CHAMPS ELYSEES (53997937113).jpg|The Arc de Triomphe during the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris.
</gallery>