Editing Aquaculture (section)

==Overview==
[[File:Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production, 1990-2030.svg|thumb|right|300px|Global capture fisheries and aquaculture production reported by FAO, 1990–2030]]
[[File:World aquaculture production of food fish and aquatic plants, 1990-2016.svg|thumb|right|300px|World aquaculture production of food fish and aquatic plants, 1990–2016]]

Harvest stagnation in [[wild fisheries]] and [[overexploitation]] of popular marine species, combined with a growing demand for high-quality protein, encouraged aquaculturists to domesticate other marine species.<ref>
"'FAO: 'Fish farming is the way forward.'(Big Picture)(Food and Agriculture Administration's 'State of Fisheries and Aquaculture' report)." The Ecologist 39.4 (2009): 8–9. Gale Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 1 October 2009. <http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIM.>.</ref><ref name="uscnews.usc.edu">"[http://uscnews.usc.edu/science_technology/all_about_fish_and_oyster_farming.html The Case for Fish and Oyster Farming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512061109/http://uscnews.usc.edu/science_technology/all_about_fish_and_oyster_farming.html |date=2009-05-12 }}," Carl Marziali, University of Southern California Trojan Family Magazine, May 17, 2009.</ref> At the outset of modern aquaculture, many were optimistic that a "[[Blue revolution|Blue Revolution]]" could take place in aquaculture, just as the [[Green Revolution]] of the 20th century had revolutionized agriculture.<ref>"The Economist: 'The promise of a blue revolution', Aug. 7, 2003. <http://www.economist.com/node/1974103></ref> Although land animals had long been domesticated, most seafood species were still caught from the wild. Concerned about the impact of growing demand for seafood on the world's oceans, prominent ocean explorer [[Jacques Cousteau]] wrote in 1973: "With earth's burgeoning human populations to feed, we must turn to the sea with new understanding and new technology."<ref>"Jacques Cousteau, ''The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau: The Act of life'', World Pub: 1973."</ref>

About 430 (97%) of the species cultured {{as of|2007|lc=y}} were domesticated during the 20th and 21st centuries, of which an estimated 106 came in the decade to 2007. Given the long-term importance of agriculture,  to date, only 0.08% of known land plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have been domesticated, compared with 0.17% of known marine plant species and 0.13% of known marine animal species. Domestication typically involves about a decade of scientific research.<ref name="DuarteMarbaHolmer">{{cite journal|title=Rapid Domestication of Marine Species| doi=10.1126/science.1138042|pmid=17446380|volume=316|issue=5823|pages=382–383|journal=Science|year=2007|last1=Duarte|first1=C. M|last2=Marba|first2=N|last3=Holmer|first3=M|hdl=10261/89727| s2cid=84063035}}</ref> Domesticating aquatic species involves fewer risks to humans than do land animals, which took a large toll in human lives. Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,<ref>{{cite book
|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel
|year=2005
|publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.]]
|location=New York, New York
|isbn=978-0-393-06131-4
|title-link=Guns, Germs, and Steel
}}</ref> including diseases such as [[smallpox]] and [[diphtheria]], that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human [[pathogen]]s of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lasa |first1=Aide |last2=Auguste |first2=Manon |last3=Lema |first3=Alberto |last4=Oliveri |first4=Caterina |last5=Borello |first5=Alessio |last6=Taviani |first6=Elisa |last7=Bonello |first7=Guido |last8=Doni |first8=Lapo |last9=Millard |first9=Andrew D. |last10=Bruto |first10=Maxime |last11=Romalde |first11=Jesus L. |last12=Yakimov |first12=Michail |last13=Balbi |first13=Teresa |last14=Pruzzo |first14=Carla |last15=Canesi |first15=Laura |date=September 2021 |title=A deep-sea bacterium related to coastal marine pathogens |journal=Environmental Microbiology |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=5349–5363 |doi=10.1111/1462-2920.15629 |issn=1462-2912 |pmc=8519021 |pmid=34097814|bibcode=2021EnvMi..23.5349L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/pests-diseases/animal-health/fish-diseases-and-human-health|title=Aquatic animal disease and human health|date=2016-04-26|website=Department of Primary Industries|access-date=October 15, 2019|archive-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113044257/https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/pests-diseases/animal-health/fish-diseases-and-human-health|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Biological control methods to manage parasites are already being used, such as cleaner fish (e.g. lumpsuckers and wrasse) to control sea lice populations in salmon farming.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = The use of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) infestations in intensively farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)|journal = Aquaculture|date = 2014-03-20|pages = 18–23|volume = 424–425|doi = 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.033|first1 = Albert K.|last1 = Imsland|first2 = Patrick|last2 = Reynolds|first3 = Gerhard|last3 = Eliassen|first4 = Thor Arne|last4 = Hangstad|first5 = Atle|last5 = Foss|first6 = Erik|last6 = Vikingstad|first7 = Tor Anders|last7 = Elvegård| bibcode=2014Aquac.424...18I }}</ref> Models are being used to help with spatial planning and siting of fish farms in order to minimize impact.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DEPOMOD and AutoDEPOMOD — Ecasa Toolbox|url = http://www.ecasatoolbox.org.uk/the-toolbox/eia-species/models|website = www.ecasatoolbox.org.uk|access-date = 2015-09-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925121623/http://www.ecasatoolbox.org.uk/the-toolbox/eia-species/models|archive-date = 2015-09-25|url-status = dead}}</ref>
[[File:Aquaculture production (2019).svg|thumb|300x300px|Aquaculture production (2019)<ref>{{Cite book|title=World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021|url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4477en/|access-date=2021-12-13|via=fao.org|year=2021|language=en|doi=10.4060/cb4477en|isbn=978-92-5-134332-6|s2cid=240163091}}</ref>]]
The decline in wild fish stocks has increased the demand for farmed fish.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies|journal = Nature|date = 2000-06-29|issn = 0028-0836|pages = 1017–1024|volume = 405|issue = 6790|doi = 10.1038/35016500|first1 = Rosamond L.|last1 = Naylor|first2 = Rebecca J.|last2 = Goldburg|first3 = Jurgenne H.|last3 = Primavera|first4 = Nils|last4 = Kautsky|first5 = Malcolm C. M.|last5 = Beveridge|first6 = Jason|last6 = Clay|first7 = Carl|last7 = Folke|first8 = Jane|last8 = Lubchenco|first9 = Harold|last9 = Mooney|pmid=10890435|bibcode = 2000Natur.405.1017N|hdl = 10862/1737|s2cid = 4411053|hdl-access = free}}</ref> However, finding alternative sources of protein and oil for fish feed is necessary so the aquaculture industry can grow sustainably; otherwise, it represents a great risk for the over-exploitation of forage fish.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/Turning_the_tide_%20Report.pdf|title = Turning the tide|access-date = 2015-09-24|archive-date = 2016-02-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160222005116/http://www.fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/Turning_the_tide_%20Report.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Aquaculture production now exceeds capture fishery production<ref name="ca0191en" /> and together the relative GDP contribution has ranged from 0.01 to 10%.<ref name="Cai2019">{{Cite book |last=Cai |first=Junning |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1104067293 |title=Understanding and measuring the contribution of aquaculture and fisheries to gross domestic product (GDP) |date=2019 |others=Hui Huang, PingSun Leung |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-131280-3 |location=Rome |oclc=1104067293}}</ref> Singling out aquaculture's relative contribution to GDP, however, is not easily derived due to lack of data.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1159532489|title=The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020 : sustainability in action|date=2020|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-92-5-132692-3|location=Rome|oclc=1159532489}}</ref>

Another recent issue following the banning in 2008 of organotins by the International Maritime Organization is the need to find environmentally friendly, but still effective, compounds with antifouling effects.

Many new natural compounds are discovered every year, but producing them on a large enough scale for commercial purposes is almost impossible.

It is highly probable that future developments in this field will rely on microorganisms, but greater funding and further research is needed to overcome the lack of knowledge in this field.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Qian, P. Y., Xu, Y. & Fusetani, N. Natural products as antifouling compounds: recent progress and future perspectives|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40447383|journal = Biofouling|volume = 26|issue = 2|pages = 223–234|access-date = 2015-09-24|doi = 10.1080/08927010903470815|pmid = 19960389|year = 2009|last1 = Qian|first1 = Pei-Yuan|last2 = Xu|first2 = Ying|last3 = Fusetani|first3 = Nobushino|s2cid = 35932563}}</ref>