Editing April 19 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[AD 65]] &ndash; The [[freedman]] [[Milichus]] betrays [[Pisonian conspiracy|Piso's plot]] to kill the [[Roman emperor|Emperor]] [[Nero]] and all of the [[List of conspiracies (political)|conspirators]] are arrested.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Holland|title=Nero: The Man Behind the Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ_tAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Sutton|isbn=978-0-7509-2447-4|page=188}}</ref>
* [[531]] &ndash; [[Battle of Callinicum]]: A [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army under [[Belisarius]] is defeated by the [[Sasanian Empire|Persians]] at [[Raqqa]] (northern [[Syria]]).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Irfan Shahid|author2=Irfan Shahîd|title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEvEV9OVzacC&pg=PA134|year=1995|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=978-0-88402-214-5|pages=134}}</ref>
*[[1506]] &ndash; The [[Lisbon Massacre]] begins, in which accused Jews are slaughtered by [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] Catholics.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paulo Mendes Pinto|author2=Susana Bastos Mateus|title=The Massacre of the Jews: Lisbon April 19, 1506|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LVmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|date=2 September 2014|publisher=Alêtheia Editores|isbn=978-989-622-665-7|pages=28}}</ref>
*[[1529]] &ndash; Beginning of the [[Protestant Reformation]]: After the [[Second Diet of Speyer]] bans Lutheranism, a group of rulers (''German:'' [[Fürst]]) and [[Free imperial city|independent cities]] [[Protestation at Speyer|protest]] the reinstatement of the [[Edict of Worms]].
*[[1539]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1539)|Treaty of Frankfurt]] between Protestants and the Holy Roman Emperor is signed.<ref>Smith, ''The Age of the Reformation'', p. 122.</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1608]] &ndash; In Ireland, [[O'Doherty's Rebellion]] is launched by the [[Burning of Derry]].<ref>McCavitt p.115</ref>
*[[1677]] &ndash; The French army [[Siege of Cambrai (1677)|captures the town of Cambrai]] held by Spanish troops.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Ruler|title=Cross-Channel France: Nord-Pas de Calais - The Land Beyond the Ports|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwXioEolUbMC&pg=PA184|year=2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-327-6|pages=184}}</ref>
*[[1713]] &ndash; With no living male heirs, [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]], issues the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] to ensure that [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] lands and the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian throne]] would be inheritable by a female; his daughter and successor, [[Maria Theresa]], was not born until 1717.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Carlyle|title=History of Friedrich the Second, Called Frederick the Great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVUuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA420|year=1859|publisher=Harper & Brothers|pages=420}}</ref>
*[[1770]] &ndash; Captain [[James Cook]], still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.<ref>{{cite book|author1=William Shurtleff|author2=Akiko Aoyagi|title=Early History of Soybeans and Soyfoods Worldwide (1024 BCE to 1899):: Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEwtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|date=4 November 2014|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-1-928914-69-3|pages=273}}</ref>
*  1770   &ndash; [[Marie Antoinette]] marries [[Louis XVI]] in a [[proxy marriage|proxy wedding]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A New Historical and Commercial System of Geography: Containing a Comprehensive History and Description of the Present State of All the Kingdoms of the World...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARw7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT2|year=1806|publisher=S. Russell|pages=2}}</ref>
*[[1775]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: The war begins during the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] with a victory of American [[minutemen]] and other [[militia]] over [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] forces, later referred to as the "[[shot heard round the world]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=David Hackett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oreq1YztDcQC&pg=PA9|title=Washington's Crossing|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780199756674|author-link=David Hackett Fischer|pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Minute Man statue by Daniel Chester French|url=https://www.nps.gov/mima/learn/historyculture/the-minute-man-statue-by-daniel-chester-french.htm?mc_cid=6bed08a516&mc_eid=[2fcc1b24bd]|website=nps.gov|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 2, 2025}}</ref>
* 1775    &ndash; American Revolutionary War: Following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the [[Siege of Boston]] begins with American militias blocking land access to the British-held city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Siege of Boston Map|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm|website=nps.gov|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=April 2, 2025}}</ref>
*[[1782]] &ndash; [[John Adams]] secures [[Netherlands–United States relations|Dutch recognition of the United States]] as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in [[The Hague]] becomes the first American embassy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Netherlands - Countries - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/netherlands|access-date=2021-11-18|website=history.state.gov}}</ref>
*[[1809]] &ndash; An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] in the [[Battle of Raszyn (1809)|Battle of Raszyn]], part of the struggles of the [[Fifth Coalition]]. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a [[First French Empire]] Corps led by [[Louis-Nicolas Davout]] at the [[Battle of Teugen-Hausen]] in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
*[[1810]] &ndash; [[Venezuela]] achieves home rule: [[Vicente Emparán]], [[Governor]] of the [[Captaincy General]] is removed by the people of [[Caracas]] and a [[Supreme Junta|junta]] is installed.
*[[1818]] &ndash; French physicist [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel|Augustin Fresnel]] signs his preliminary "Note on the Theory of Diffraction" (deposited on the following day). The document ends with what we now call the [[Fresnel integral]]s.
*[[1839]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]] establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guarantees its neutrality.
*[[1861]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: [[Baltimore riot of 1861]]: A pro-[[Secession in the United States#Confederate States of America|Secession]] mob in [[Baltimore]] attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.

===1901–present===
*[[1903]] &ndash; The [[Chișinău pogrom (1903)|Kishinev pogrom]] in [[Kishinev]] ([[Bessarabia]]) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in [[History of Palestine#Ottoman period|Palestine]] and the [[Western world]].
*[[1925]] &ndash; [[Colo-Colo]], the most successful and popular soccer football team in the South American nation of [[Chile]], was founded at the [[Estadio Monumental David Arellano|El Llano Stadium]] in [[San Miguel, Chile|San Miguel, Santiago]], by footballer [[David Arellano]] and some of his teammates who had also left the [[Deportes Magallanes]] club.<ref name=Salinas>Sebastián Salinas, ''Por empuje y coraje. Los Albos en la época amateur 1925-1933'' ("By drive and courage: The Albos in the amateur era 1925-1933")(Centro de Estudios del Deporte, 2004)|p.44 {{ISBN|9789562991254}}</ref> 
*[[1927]] &ndash; [[Mae West]] is sentenced to ten days in jail for [[obscenity]] for her play ''[[Sex (play)|Sex]]''.
*[[1936]] &ndash; The [[Jaffa riots (April 1936)|Jaffa riots]] commence, initiating the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]].<ref name="HeraldTrib">"9 Jews, 2 Arabs Dead, 54 Hurt In Jaffa Riots: Moslems Slain by British Police, Foes Knifed in Batlle (sic) Following Killing of a Jew by Bandits," [[New York Herald Tribune]], 20 April 1936, p. 1.</ref>
*[[1942]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: In German-occupied Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski [[ghetto]] is established, situated between the [[Lublin Ghetto]] and a [[Majdanek]] subcamp.
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] begins, after [[Nazi Germany|German]] troops enter the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] to round up the remaining Jews.
*  1943   &ndash; [[Albert Hofmann]] deliberately doses himself with [[LSD]] for the first time, three days after having discovered its effects on [[April 16]], an event commonly known and celebrated as [[History_of_lysergic_acid_diethylamide#%22Bicycle_Day%22|Bicycle Day]].
*[[1956]] &ndash; Actress [[Grace Kelly]] marries [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco|Prince Rainier of Monaco]].
*[[1960]] &ndash; Students in South Korea hold [[April Revolution|a nationwide pro-democracy protest]] against [[president of South Korea|president]] [[Syngman Rhee]], eventually forcing him to resign.
*[[1971]] &ndash; [[Sierra Leone]] becomes a [[republic]], and [[Siaka Stevens]] the president.
*  1971   &ndash; Launch of [[Salyut 1]], the first [[space station]].
*  1971   &ndash; [[Charles Manson]] is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for [[conspiracy (criminal)|conspiracy]] in the [[Tate–LaBianca murders]].
*[[1973]] &ndash; The Portuguese [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]] is founded in the German town of [[Bad Münstereifel]].
*[[1975]] &ndash; [[India]]'s first satellite [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]] launched in orbit from [[Kapustin Yar]], Russia.
*  1975   &ndash; [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnamese forces]] [[Battle of Xuan Loc|withdraw from the town of Xuan Loc]] in the last major battle of the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Veith|first=George|title=Black April The Fall of South Vietnam 1973–75|publisher=Encounter Books|year=2012|isbn=9781594035722 |page=465}}</ref>
*[[1976]] &ndash; A [[1976 Brownwood tornado|violent F5 tornado]] strikes around [[Brownwood, Texas]], injuring 11 people. Two people were thrown at least {{convert|1000|yd|m}} by the tornado and survived uninjured.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |author2=[[National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service]] |author3=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |editor1-last=Potter |editor1-first=Thomas D. |title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena |journal=Storm Data |date=April 1976 |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=14 |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=National Climatic Data Center |author2=National Centers for Environmental Information |title=Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado (Brown County) |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10129516 |website=Storm Event Database |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035027/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10129516 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[1984]] &ndash; ''[[Advance Australia Fair]]'' is proclaimed as Australia's [[national anthem]], and green and gold as the [[National colours of Australia|national colours]].
*[[1985]] &ndash; Two hundred [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms|ATF]] and [[FBI]] agents lay siege to the compound of the [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] [[Survivalism|survivalist]] group [[The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord]] in Arkansas; the CSA surrenders two days later. 
*[[1987]] &ndash; ''[[The Simpsons]]'' first appear as a series of [[The Simpsons|shorts]] on ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'', first starting with "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]".
*[[1989]] &ndash; A [[gun turret]] [[USS Iowa turret explosion|explodes]] on the {{USS|Iowa|BB-61|6}}, killing 47 sailors.
*[[1993]] &ndash; The 51-day FBI [[Waco siege|siege]] of the [[Branch Davidian]] building in [[Waco, Texas]], USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Seventy-six Davidians, including 18 children under age 10, died in the fire.
*[[1995]] &ndash; [[Oklahoma City bombing]]: The [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]] in [[Oklahoma City]], USA, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six.
*[[1999]] &ndash; The German [[Bundestag]] [[Decision on the Capital of Germany|returns]] to Berlin.
*[[2000]] &ndash; [[Air Philippines Flight 541]] crashes in [[Samal, Davao del Norte]], killing all 131 people on board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20000419-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2H4 RP-C3010 Davao|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>
*[[2001]] &ndash; [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'']] is launched on [[STS-100]] carrying the [[Mobile Servicing System|Canadarm2]] to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=STS-100 Mission Status Report, #20 |url=https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/sts100/STS-100-20.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010626201453/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/sts100/STS-100-20.html |archive-date=2001-06-26 |website=spaceflight.nasa.gov}}</ref>
*[[2005]] &ndash; Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is [[Papal conclave, 2005|elected]] to the papacy and becomes [[Pope Benedict XVI]].
*[[2011]] &ndash; [[Fidel Castro]] resigns as [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba]] after holding the title since July 1961.
*[[2013]] &ndash; [[Boston Marathon bombing]] suspect [[Tamerlan Tsarnaev]] is killed in a shootout with police. His brother [[Dzhokhar Tsarnaev|Dzhokhar]] is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]].
*[[2020]] &ndash; [[2020 Nova Scotia attacks|A killing spree]] in [[Nova Scotia]], Canada, leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history.<ref name="CBC4">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/mass-killing-shooting-victims-remembered-1.5538032|title=22 victims of N.S. rampage include retirees, pregnant health care worker, veteran|publisher=CBC News|access-date=April 21, 2020|date=April 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/7c9a33ae52420e0ddbfb5275898a7e79|title=16 killed in shooting rampage, deadliest in Canadian history|last=Gillies|first=Rob |publisher=Associated Press|access-date=April 19, 2020|date=April 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419202425/https://apnews.com/7c9a33ae52420e0ddbfb5275898a7e79|archive-date=April 19, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[2021]] &ndash; The ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]'' helicopter becomes the first aircraft to achieve flight on another planet.<ref name="NBC - First Flight of Ingenuity">{{cite web |last1=Talmazan |first1=Yuliya |title=NASA launches tiny Mars chopper 'Ingenuity' on a historic flight |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/mars-helicopter-flight-test-promises-wright-brothers-moment-nasa-n1264449 |website=NBC News |date=19 April 2021 |publisher=Yuliya Talmazan, Associated Press and Reuters |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>