Editing April 18 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[796]] &ndash; King [[Æthelred I of Northumbria]] is murdered in [[Coria (Corbridge)|Corbridge]] by a group led by his [[ealdormen]], Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' [[Osbald of Northumbria|Osbald]] is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=D. P. |title=The Earliest English Kings |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-24210-3 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fzhk_DvzqSkC&pg=PA131 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1428]] &ndash; Peace of Ferrara between [[Republic of Venice]], [[Duchy of Milan]], [[Republic of Florence]] and [[House of Gonzaga]]: ending of the second campaign of the [[Wars in Lombardy]] fought until the [[Treaty of Lodi]] in 1454, which will then guarantee the conditions for the development of the [[Italian Renaissance]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Niccolò Machiavelli|title= History of Florence, Book IV}}</ref>
*[[1506]] &ndash; The [[cornerstone]] of the current [[St. Peter's Basilica]] is laid.
*[[1518]] &ndash; [[Bona Sforza]] is crowned as [[queen consort]] of Poland.
*[[1521]] &ndash; Trial of [[Martin Luther]] begins its second day during the assembly of the [[Diet of Worms]]. He refuses to recant his [[Lutheranism|teachings]] despite the risk of excommunication.

===1601–1900===
*[[1689]] &ndash; [[Boston]]ians rise up [[1689 Boston revolt|in rebellion]] against Sir [[Edmund Andros]].
*[[1738]] &ndash; ''[[Real Academia de la Historia]]'' ("Royal Academy of History") is founded in [[Madrid]].
*[[1775]] &ndash; [[American Revolution]]: The [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British Army]] advances up the [[Charles River]] in [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]] to destroy supplies of American [[militia|militias]], while [[Paul Revere]] and other riders [[Paul Revere's midnight ride|rapidly warn the countryside]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Fischer|first=David Hackett|author-link=David Hackett Fischer|date= 1994|title=Paul Revere's Ride|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knC-kTFI9_gC|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195088472}}</ref>
*[[1783]] &ndash; [[Three-Fifths Compromise]]: The first instance of black slaves in the United States of America being counted as three-fifths of persons (for the purpose of taxation), in a resolution of the [[Congress of the Confederation]]. This was later adopted in the 1787 Constitution.<ref>Story, Joseph (1833) ''[[Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States]]'', [https://lonang.com/library/reference/story-commentaries-us-constitution/sto-309/ §641 (Book 3, Chapter 9)]</ref>
*[[1831]] &ndash; The [[University of Alabama]] is founded in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]].
*[[1847]] &ndash; American victory at the [[battle of Cerro Gordo]] opens the way for invasion of Mexico.
*[[1857]] &ndash; "[[The Spirits Book]]" by [[Allan Kardec]] is published, marking the birth of [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritualism]] in France.
*[[1864]] &ndash; [[Battle of Dybbøl]]: A [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]]-[[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] army defeats Denmark and gains control of [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]]. Denmark surrenders the province in the following peace settlement.
*[[1897]] &ndash; The [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco-Turkish War]] is declared between Greece and the [[Ottoman Empire]].
*[[1899]] &ndash; The [[St. Andrew's Ambulance Association]] is granted a [[royal charter]] by [[Queen Victoria]].

===1901–present===
*[[1902]] &ndash; The 7.5 {{M|w}} [[1902 Guatemala earthquake|Guatemala earthquake]] shakes [[Guatemala]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of VIII (''Severe''), killing between 800 and 2,000.
*[[1906]] &ndash; The 7.9 {{M|w}}[[1906 San Francisco earthquake|earthquake]] and fire destroy much of [[San Francisco]], [[California]], killing more than 3,000 people, making one of the worst natural disasters in American history.
*[[1909]] &ndash; [[Joan of Arc]] is beatified in Rome.
*[[1912]] &ndash; The [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] liner {{RMS|Carpathia|}} brings 705 survivors from the {{RMS|Titanic|}} to New York City.
*[[1915]] &ndash; [[World War I]]: French pilot [[Roland Georges Garros|Roland Garros]] is shot down and glides to a landing on the German side of the lines.
*[[1916]] &ndash; World War I: During a [[Mines on the Italian front (World War I)|mine warfare in high altitude]] on the [[Dolomites]], the Italian troops conquer the Col di Lana held by the Austrian army.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thompson, Mark|title= The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915-1919|publisher= Faber & Faber|year= 2009}}</ref>
*[[1930]] &ndash; [[1930 Costești wooden church fire|A fire kills 118 people]] at a wooden church in the small Romanian town of [[Costești]], most of them schoolchildren, after starting during [[Good Friday]] services.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 19, 1930 |title=144 Die; Fire and Panic End Easter Mass |newspaper=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]] |page=1}}</ref>
*[[1938]] &ndash; [[Superman]] debuts in [[Action Comics 1|''Action Comics'' #1]] (cover dated June 1938).<ref>{{cite book|last=Nevins|first=Jess|title=The Evolution of the Costumed Avenger: The 4,000-year History of the Superhero|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=Praeger|date=2017|isbn=9781440854835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI3DEAAAQBAJ|page=213}}</ref>
*[[1939]] &ndash; [[Robert Menzies]], who became Australia's longest-serving prime minister, is [[1939 United Australia Party leadership election|elected]] as leader of the [[United Australia Party]] after the death of Prime Minister [[Joseph Lyons]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Allan |last=Martin |title=Robert Menzies: A Life |volume=1 (1894–1943) |year=1993 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |isbn=0522844421 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/robertmenzieslif0000mart}}</ref>
*[[1942]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: The [[Doolittle Raid]] on Japan: Tokyo, [[Yokohama]], [[Kobe]] and [[Nagoya]] are bombed.
*  1942   &ndash; [[Pierre Laval]] becomes [[Prime Minister]] of [[Vichy France]].
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: [[Operation Vengeance]], Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] is killed when his aircraft is shot down by U.S. fighters over [[Bougainville Island]].
*[[1945]] &ndash; World War II: Over 1,000 [[bomber]]s attack the small island of [[Heligoland]], Germany.
*  1945   &ndash; [[Italian resistance movement]]: In [[Turin]], despite the harsh repressive measures adopted by Nazi-fascists, a great pre-insurrectional strike begins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.museotorino.it/view/s/106f6b047b754312865548f408f24d38 |title=18 aprile 1945: lo sciopero pre-insurrezionale |website=Museo Torino |language=it}}</ref>
*[[1946]] &ndash; The [[International Court of Justice]] holds its inaugural meeting in [[The Hague]], Netherlands.
*1946 &ndash; [[Jackie Robinson]] makes his regular season debut for the [[Montreal Royals]] of the [[International League]], to make them the first integrated modern professional baseball team.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://baseballhalloffame.ca/42-a-story-of-baseballs-integration/| title=42: A Story of Baseball's Integration| publisher=Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame}}</ref>
*[[1947]] &ndash; The [[Operation Big Bang]], the largest non-nuclear man-made explosion to that time, destroys bunkers and military installations on the North Sea island of Heligoland, Germany.<ref name="SpiegelHelgoland">{{cite news| date = 13 April 2007| url =http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,477076,00.html| title=Der Tag, an dem Helgoland der Megabombe trotzte| work=[[Der Spiegel]]| language=de}}</ref>
*[[1949]] &ndash; The [[Republic of Ireland Act 1948|Republic of Ireland Act]] comes into force, declaring ''[[Éire]]'' to be a [[republic]] and severing [[Ireland]]{{'s}} "association" with the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Biletz|first=Frank A.|chapter=Republic of Ireland Act (1948)|title=Historical Dictionary of Ireland|location=Lanham, Md.|publisher=Scarecrow Press|date=2014|isbn=9780810850774|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb8eAgAAQBAJ|pages=380–381|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last=Mansergh|first=Nicholas|title=Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Wartime Cooperation and Post-War Change, 1939-1592|location=London|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|isbn=9780203041901|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZKAAAAAQBAJ|page=287}}</ref>
*[[1954]] &ndash; [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] seizes power in [[Egypt]].
*[[1955]] &ndash; Twenty-nine nations meet at [[Bandung]], Indonesia, for the first [[Asian-African Conference]].
*[[1972]] &ndash; [[East African Airways Flight 720]] crashes during a [[rejected takeoff]] from [[Addis Ababa Bole International Airport]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia, killing 43.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Vickers Super VC10-1154 5X-UVA Addis Ababa-Bole Airport (ADD) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720418-1 |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>
*[[1980]] &ndash; The [[Republic of Zimbabwe]] (formerly [[Rhodesia]]) comes into being, with [[Canaan Banana]] as the country's first President. The [[Zimbabwean dollar]] replaces the [[Rhodesian dollar]] as the official currency.
* 1980 &ndash; The town of [[Elmore City, Oklahoma]] holds its first dance in the town's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tulsaworld.com/life-entertainment/local/movies-tv/footloose-at-40-heres-the-story-of-oklahoma-town-that-inspired-iconic-movie/article_0887f08c-c114-11ee-b715-8f2960a79e1d.html|title='Footloose' at 40: Here's the story of Oklahoma town that inspired iconic movie|first=Jimmie Tramel Tulsa|last=World|date=15 February 2024|website=Tulsa World|accessdate=19 February 2024}}</ref>
*[[1988]] &ndash; The United States launches [[Operation Praying Mantis]] against [[Iran]]ian naval forces in the largest naval battle since World War II.
*  1988   &ndash; In Israel [[John Demjanjuk]] is sentenced to death for [[war crime]]s committed in World War II, although the verdict is later overturned.<ref>{{cite book |title=Israel 50 |year=1997 |isbn=965-474-005-2|last1=שיף |first1=יהודה |publisher=אלפא תקשורת }}</ref>
*[[1996]] &ndash; The Israeli military commits the [[Qana massacre]] in a deliberate shelling of a [[United Nations]] compound near the village of [[Qana]] in southern [[Lebanon]], killing 106 Lebanese civilians who were taking shelter there and wounding over 100 more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-05-05 |title=Massacre film puts Israel in dock |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/massacre-film-puts-israel-in-dock-1345897.html |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>
*[[2018]] &ndash; [[Ngwenyama|King]] [[Mswati III]] of Swaziland announces that his country's name will change to [[Eswatini]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-19 |title=Swaziland king changes the country's name |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43821512 |access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref>
*  2018   &ndash; [[2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests|Anti-government protests]] start in Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Semple |first=Kirk |date=2018-04-20 |title=Las protestas ciudadanas sacuden a Nicaragua |work=The New York Times |language=Spanish |url=https://www.nytimes.com/es/2018/04/20/espanol/america-latina/nicaragua-protestas-pensiones-seguridad-social.html |access-date=2023-04-18}}</ref>
*[[2019]] &ndash; A redacted version of the [[Mueller report]] is released to the [[United States Congress]] and the public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/us/politics/mueller-report-released-live.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/18/us/politics/mueller-report-released-live.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|title=What We Know So Far From the Mueller Report|last=Baker|first=Peter|date=2019-04-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-22|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref>