Editing Apraxia (section)

==Types==
The several types of apraxia include:
* '''[[Apraxia of speech]]''' (AOS) is having difficulty planning and coordinating the movements necessary for speech (e.g. potato=totapo, topato).<ref name="Heilman">Heilman KM, Watson RT, Gonzalez-Rothi LJ. Praxis. In: Goetz CG. Goetz: Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 4.</ref> AOS can independently occur without issues in areas such as verbal comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, articulation, or prosody.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Motor Speech Disorders: Substrates, Differential Diagnosis, and Management.|last=Duffy|first=Joseph R.|publisher=Elsevier|year=2013|isbn=978-0-323-07200-7|location=St. Louis, MO|pages=269}}</ref>
* '''Buccofacial or orofacial apraxia''', the most common type of apraxia, is the inability to carry out facial movements on demand. For example, an inability to lick one's lips, wink, or whistle when requested to do so. This suggests an inability to carry out volitional movements of the tongue, cheeks, lips, pharynx, or larynx on command.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/apraxia/|title=Apraxia|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Apraxia-Information-Page#disorders-r2|title=Apraxia Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|date=2019|website=www.ninds.nih.gov|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>
* '''[[Constructional apraxia]]''' is the inability to draw, construct, or copy simple configurations, such as intersecting shapes. These patients have difficulty copying a simple diagram or drawing basic shapes.<ref name=":1" />
* '''Gait apraxia''' is the loss of ability to have normal function of the lower limbs such as walking. This is not due to loss of motor or sensory functions.<ref name="Nadeau 2007">{{cite journal|author=Nadeau SE|year=2007|title=Gait apraxia: further clues to localization|url=https://zenodo.org/record/894766|journal=Eur. Neurol.|volume=58|issue=3|pages=142–5|doi=10.1159/000104714|pmid=17622719|s2cid=40700537}}</ref>
* [[Ideational apraxia|'''Ideational/conceptual apraxia''']] is having an inability to conceptualize a task and impaired ability to complete multistep actions. This form of apraxia consists of an inability to select and carry out an appropriate [[motor program]].  For example, the patient may complete actions in incorrect orders, such as buttering bread before putting it in the toaster, or putting on shoes before putting on socks. Also, a loss occurs in the ability to voluntarily perform a learned task when given the necessary objects or tools. For instance, if given a screwdriver, these patients may try to write with it as if it were a pen, or try to comb their hair with a toothbrush.<ref name="Sathian" /><ref name="Gross" />
* '''[[Ideomotor apraxia]]''' is having deficits in the ability to plan or complete motor actions that rely on [[semantic memory]].  These patients are able to explain how to perform an action, but unable to "imagine" or act out a movement such as "pretend to brush your teeth" or "pucker as though you bit into a sour lemon." When the ability to perform an action automatically when cued remains intact, though, this is known as automatic-voluntary dissociation. For example, they may not be able to pick up a phone when asked to do so, but can perform the action without thinking when the phone rings.<ref name="Sathian">{{cite journal|last=Sathian|first=K|title=Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: common clinical deficits|journal=Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair|date=Jun 2011|volume=25|issue=5|pages=21S–32S|pmid=21613535|doi=10.1177/1545968311410941|display-authors=etal|pmc=4139495}}</ref><ref name="Gross">{{cite journal|last=Gross|first=RG|author2=Grossman, M.|title=Update on apraxia|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|date=Nov 2008|volume=8|issue=6|pages=490–496|pmid=18957186|pmc=2696397|doi=10.1007/s11910-008-0078-y}}</ref>
* '''Limb-kinetic apraxia''' is having the inability to perform precise, voluntary movements of extremities. For example, a person affected by limb apraxia may have difficulty waving hello, tying shoes, or typing on a computer.<ref>Treatment Resource Manual for Speech Pathology 5th edition</ref><ref name=":0" /> This type is common in patients who have experienced a stroke, some type of brain trauma, or have Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{Citation|last=Foundas|first=Anne L.|title=Chapter 28 - Apraxia: neural mechanisms and functional recovery|date=2013-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444529015000289|journal=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|volume=110|pages=335–345|editor-last=Barnes|editor-first=Michael P.|series=Neurological Rehabilitation|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52901-5.00028-9 |pmid=23312653 |access-date=2019-08-07|editor2-last=Good|editor2-first=David C.}}</ref>
* '''Oculomotor apraxia''' is having difficulty moving the eye on command, especially with saccade movements that direct the gaze to targets. This is one of the three major components of [[Balint's syndrome]].<ref name=":0" />