Editing Apple I (section)

==History==
===Development===
[[File:Steve Wozniak, 1983 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Steve Wozniak]] alone designed the circuit and operating system for the Apple I.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karabus |first=Jude |title=Apple-1 prototype hand-soldered by Woz under the hammer |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/27/apple1_prototype_handsoldered_by_woz/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref>]]
In 1974, while visiting famous phone phreak [[John Draper]] in [[California]], Steve Wozniak watched him connect a [[modem]] to the [[ARPANET]] – the precursor to the [[internet]] – and use a [[teleprinter]] to play chess with someone from [[Boston]]; this inspired him to make a cheap terminal that used an inexpensive keyboard from [[Sears]] and a standard [[Television set|TV]].<ref name="Apple Guide">{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYEYTjqx4pY|date=July 17, 2021|title=Apple 1 History And Build Guide|author=Retro Hack Shack|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref> Later in March 1975, Wozniak started attending meetings of the [[Homebrew Computer Club]], which was a major source of inspiration for him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wozniak |first=Steve |author-link=Steve Wozniak |url=https://archive.org/details/iwozcomputergeek00wozn |title=iWoz |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-393-33043-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/iwozcomputergeek00wozn/page/150 150] |quote=After my first meeting, I started designing the computer that would later be known as the Apple I. It was that inspiring. |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pp=4–5}}<ref name="OLD ALTAIR VID">{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5lpOskKF9I|date=March 18, 2016|title=The PC That Started Microsoft & Apple! (Altair 8800)|author=ColdFusion|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=December 10, 2024}}</ref> New [[microcomputer]]s such as the [[Altair 8800]] inspired Wozniak to build a microprocessor into his video terminal circuit to make a complete computer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Computer Technologies and Cyberterrorism |url=http://lib.eioskuimvd.ru/jirbis2/_docs_file/Эл.%20библ.%20для%20учебы/Электронные%20учебники%20ВУЗов%20МВД%20России/Английский%20язык/2021%20Компьютерные%20технологии%20и%20кибертерроризм/Комп%20технологии%20английский.pdf |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> At the time the only appropriate CPUs available were the [[Intel 8080]], and the [[Motorola 6800]]. Of these options, Wozniak preferred the 6800, though he was financially unable to obtain either. Instead, he began designing computers on paper until he could afford a CPU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of AppleBefore Apple Computer, Inc. - History of Apple |url=https://historyofapple.com/apple-history/before-apple-computer-inc/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=historyofapple.com}}</ref>

When the $25 [[MOS Technology 6502]] was released in late 1975,{{efn|a price equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|25|1975|r=-1}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}}} Wozniak wrote a version of [[BASIC]] for it, then began to design a computer for it to run on. The 6502 was developed by many of the same engineers that designed the 6800, as many in Silicon Valley left employers to form their own companies. Wozniak's earlier 6800 computer design needed only minor changes to run on the new processor.
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After building a prototype computer for himself and showing it at the club, he and Steve Jobs gave out schematics (technical designs) for the computer to interested club members and even helped some of them build and test out copies.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Then, Steve Jobs suggested that they design and sell a single etched and silkscreened circuit board{{snd}}just the bare board, with no electronic parts{{snd}}that people could use to build the computers. Wozniak calculated that having the board design laid out would cost {{US$|long=no|1000}} and manufacturing would cost another {{US$|long=no|20}} per board; he hoped to recoup his costs if 50 people bought the boards for {{US$|long=no|40}} each.
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By March 1, 1976, Wozniak completed the basic design of his computer.<ref name="FireValley">{{cite book |last1=Freiberger |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Freiberger |url=https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0 |title=Fire in the Valley |last2=Swaine |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Swaine (technical author) |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-07-135892-7}}</ref>{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pp=5–6}} Wozniak originally offered the design to [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] while working there, but it was rejected by the company on five occasions.<ref name="AI">{{cite web |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/10/12/06/apple_co_founder_offered_first_computer_design_to_hp_5_times |title=Apple co-founder offered first computer design to HP 5 times |date=December 7, 2010 |publisher=[[AppleInsider]] |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155301/https://appleinsider.com/articles/10/12/06/apple_co_founder_offered_first_computer_design_to_hp_5_times |url-status=live }}</ref> When he demonstrated his computer at the Homebrew Computer Club, his friend and fellow club regular [[Steve Jobs]] was immediately interested in its commercial potential.<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Grady |first=Jason D. |title=Apple Inc. |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313362446 |page=3}}</ref> Wozniak intended to share schematics of the machine for free; however, Jobs advised him to start a business together and sell bare [[printed circuit board]]s for the computer, without any components soldered on.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pp=4–6}}{{sfn|Schlender|Tetzeli|2016|pp=35–38}}{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=62}} Wozniak, at first skeptical, was later convinced by Jobs that even if they were not successful they could at least say to their grandchildren that they had had their own company. To raise the money they needed to build the first batch of the circuit boards, Wozniak sold his [[HP-65|HP-65 scientific calculator]] while Jobs sold his [[Volkswagen Type 2|Volkswagen van]].{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pp=4–6}}{{sfn|Schlender|Tetzeli|2016|pp=35–38}}

{{external media
| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20231025043509if_/https://www.apple1registry.com/images/paulterrel1.jpg Byte Shop storefront]
| image2 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20231025043744if_/https://www.apple1registry.com/images/paulterrel2.jpg The prototype shown to Terrell]
| image3 = [https://img.gazeta.ru/files3/725/13190725/upload-upload-04-pic4_zoom-1000x1000-18187-pic4_zoom-1500x1500-65192.jpg Wozniak and Jobs with an Apple I]
}}
After the company was formed a month later, Jobs and Wozniak gave a presentation of the fully assembled "Apple Computer A" at the Homebrew Computer Club.{{sfn|Schlender|Tetzeli|2016|pp=39–40}}<ref name="szondy"/><ref name="Apple DOC">{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxfzhiSHoxw|date=August 21, 2024|title=Apple 1: The Computer That Started Everything|author=NationSquid|work=[[YouTube]]|access-date=December 13, 2024}}</ref> [[Paul Terrell]], who was starting a new computer shop in [[Mountain View, California]], called the [[Byte Shop]],<ref name="iWoz">{{cite book |last1= Wozniak |first1= Steve |last2= Smith |first2= Gina |author2-link= Gina Smith (author) |year= 2006 |title= iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn= 0-393-06143-4 |oclc= 502898652 |title-link= iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It }}</ref> saw the presentation and was impressed by the machine.{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Swaine|2014|pages=336–338}} Terrell told Jobs that he would order 50 units of the Apple I and pay $500 each{{efn|{{Inflation|US|500|1976|fmt=eq|r=-2}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}}} on delivery, but only if they came fully assembled{{snd}}he was not interested in buying bare printed circuit boards with no components.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=7}}{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|pp=66–67}}<ref name="iCon-p35">{{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=Jeffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff/page/35 |title=iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business |last2=William L. Simon |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-471-72083-6 |location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff/page/35 35] |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|page=7}}{{sfn|Swaine|2014|pages=336–338}}

Jobs took the purchase order from the Byte Shop to national electronic parts distributor [[Cramer Electronics]], and ordered the components needed. When asked by the credit manager how he would pay for the parts, Jobs replied, "I have this purchase order from the Byte Shop chain of computer stores for 50 of my computers and the payment terms are [[Cash on delivery|COD]]. If you give me the parts on [[net 30-day]] terms I can build and deliver the computers in that time frame, collect my money from Terrell at the Byte Shop and pay you."<ref name="wozniak-smith">{{Cite book |first1=Steve |last1=Wozniak |title=iWoz: The Autobiography of the Man Who Started the Computer Revolution |first2=Gina |last2=Smith |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7553-1408-9 |page=189|publisher=Headline Publishing }}</ref><ref name="wozniak198412">{{Cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Gregg |last2=Moore |first2=Rob |date=December 1984 |title=The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History |pages=A67 |work=BYTE |type=interview |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n461/mode/2up |access-date=October 23, 2013}}</ref>

To verify the purchase order, the credit manager called Paul Terrell, who assured him if the computers showed up, Jobs would have more than enough money for the parts order. The two Steves and their small crew spent day and night building and testing the computers, and delivered to Terrell on time. Terrell was surprised to receive a batch of assembled circuit boards, as he had expected complete computers with a case, monitor and keyboard.{{sfn|Isaacson|2015|pages=67–68}}{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pages=8–10}} Nonetheless, he kept his word and paid the two Steves the money promised.<ref name=VintageNews/>{{sfn|Isaacson|2015|pages=67–68}}{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pages=8–10}}<ref name="iCon-p36">{{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=Jeffrey |url=https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff/page/36 |title=iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business |last2=William L. Simon |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-471-72083-6 |location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff/page/36 36] |url-access=registration}}</ref>
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To fulfill the {{US$|long=no|25000}} order, they obtained {{US$|long=no|20000}} in parts at [[Net D|30 days net]] and delivered the finished product in 10 days. Together the duo assembled the first boards in Jobs's parents' [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]] home; initially in his bedroom and later (when there was no space left) in the garage. Wozniak's apartment in San Jose was too filled with monitors, electronic devices, and computer games that he had developed.<ref name=VintageNews/>
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===Announcement and sales===
[[File:Apple 1 Advertisement Oct 1976.jpg|thumb|Introductory advertisement for the Apple I computer]]
The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of {{USD|666.66}}.{{efn|{{Inflation|US|666.66|1976|fmt=eq|r=-2}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}}} Wozniak later said he had no idea about the relation between the number and the [[number of the beast]], and that he came up with the price because he liked "repeating digits"<ref name=VintageNews>{{cite news |first=Goran |last=Blazeski |title=Apple-1, Steve Wozniak's hand-built creation, was Apple's first official product, priced at $666.66 |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/11/25/apples-first-official-product-was-priced-at-666-66/ |website=The Vintage News |date=November 25, 2017 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726090158/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/11/25/apples-first-official-product-was-priced-at-666-66/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/1606-2-5937610.html|title=Video: Wozniak: {{US$|long=no|500.66}} seemed like a good idea|date=November 7, 2005|publisher=CNET News|access-date=February 19, 2009|archive-date=October 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008062621/http://news.cnet.com/1606-2-5937610.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and because it was a one-third markup on the {{US$|long=no|500}} wholesale price.{{sfn|Wozniak|2006|page=180}} Jobs had managed to get the inventory into the nation's first four storefront microcomputer retailers: Byte Shop (Palo Alto, California), itty bitty machine company ([[Evanston, Illinois]]), Data Domain ([[Bloomington, Indiana]]), and Computer Mart (New York City).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Webster |date=27 August 2012 |title=Chapter 1: Apple History (Ray Borrill interview) |url=https://www.applefritter.com/replica/chapter1 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=applefritter |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922145735/https://www.applefritter.com/replica/chapter1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first unit produced was used in a high school math class, and donated to [[Liza Loop]]'s public-access computer center.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Daniel|title=MIT Technology Review|journal=MIT Technology Review|date=May 1, 2007|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/hack/407810/hack-the-apple-i/|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-date=April 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413161926/http://www.technologyreview.com/hack/407810/hack-the-apple-i/|url-status=live}}</ref> About 200 units were produced, and all but 25 were sold within nine or ten months.<ref name="wozniak198412" />

In April 1977, the price was dropped to $475.{{efn|{{Inflation|US|475|1977|fmt=eq|r=-2}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}}}<ref name="1977 price list">{{cite web|url = http://www.applefritter.com/node/2703|title = April 1977 Price List - Applefritter|website = www.applefritter.com|access-date = March 27, 2018|archive-date = April 25, 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090425021739/http://applefritter.com/node/2703|url-status = live}}</ref> It continued to be sold through August 1977, despite the introduction of the [[Apple II (original)|Apple II]] in April 1977, which began shipping in June of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.applefritter.com/node/2715|title=Bill of Sale - Applefritter|website=www.applefritter.com|access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-date=April 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426001601/http://www.applefritter.com/node/2715|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 1977, the Apple I was officially discontinued and removed from Apple's price list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.applefritter.com/node/2707|title=October 1977 Price List - Applefritter|website=www.applefritter.com|access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-date=April 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425035459/http://www.applefritter.com/node/2707|url-status=live}}</ref> As Wozniak was the only person who could answer most customer support questions about the computer, the company offered Apple I owners discounts and trade-ins for Apple IIs to persuade them to return their computers.<ref name="ah04">{{cite web | url=http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ | title=The Apple II, cont. | access-date=February 27, 2011 | work=Apple II History | date=December 2008 | archive-date=May 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522020820/http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/ | url-status=live }}</ref> These recovered boards were then destroyed by Apple, contributing to their later rarity.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apple1notes.com/old_apple/Huston_Stories_files/A1%20Back%20Story.htm | title=The Huston brothers' Apple-1 Back Story | access-date=June 25, 2013 | archive-date=October 5, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005015359/http://www.apple1notes.com/old_apple/Huston_Stories_files/A1%20Back%20Story.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

Both Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have stated that Apple did not assign serial numbers to the Apple l. Several boards have been found with numbered stickers affixed to them, which appear to be inspection stickers from the PCB manufacturer/assembler. A batch of boards is known to have numbers hand-written in black permanent marker on the back; these usually appear as "01-00##". As of January 2022, 29 Apple-1s with a serial number are known. The highest known number is {{not a typo|01–0079}}. Two original Apple-1s have been analyzed by [[Professional Sports Authenticator]] in Los Angeles, concluding that the serial numbers had been hand-written by Steve Jobs.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Apple 1 Registry - THE SOLVED RIDDLE OF THE SERIAL NUMBER|url=https://www.apple1registry.com/en/serial.html|access-date=February 10, 2022|archive-date=February 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211234155/https://www.apple1registry.com/en/serial.html|url-status=live}}</ref>