Editing Apostasy (section)

==Sociological definitions==
The American sociologist [[Lewis A. Coser]] (following the German philosopher and sociologist [[Max Scheler]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}) defines an apostate as not just a person who experienced a dramatic change in conviction but "a man who, even in his new state of belief, is spiritually living not primarily in the content of that faith, in the pursuit of goals appropriate to it, but only in the struggle against the old faith and for the sake of its negation."<ref>[[Lewis A. Coser]] ''The Age of the Informer'' Dissent: 1249–1254, 1954</ref><ref name="bromley1998">{{cite book |editor-link=David G. Bromley |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |title=The Politics of Religious Apostasy: The Role of Apostates in the Transformation of Religious Movements |location=CT |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=0-275-95508-7|title-link=The Politics of Religious Apostasy }}</ref>

The American sociologist [[David G. Bromley]] defined the apostate role as follows and distinguished it from the [[defection|defector]] and [[whistleblower]] roles.<ref name="bromley1998" />
* ''Apostate role'': defined as one that occurs in a highly polarized situation in which an organization member undertakes a total change of loyalties by allying with one or more elements of an oppositional coalition without the consent or control of the organization. The narrative documents the quintessentially evil essence of the apostate's former organization chronicled through the apostate's personal experience of capture and ultimate escape/rescue.
* ''Defector role'': an organizational participant negotiates exit primarily with organizational authorities, who grant permission for role relinquishment, control the exit process and facilitate role transmission. The jointly constructed narrative assigns primary moral responsibility for role performance problems to the departing member and interprets organizational permission as commitment to extraordinary moral standards and preservation of public trust.
* ''Whistle-blower role'': defined here as when an organization member forms an alliance with an external regulatory agency through personal testimony concerning specific, contested organizational practices that the external unit uses to sanction the organization. The narrative constructed jointly by the whistle blower and regulatory agency depicts the whistle-blower as motivated by personal conscience, and the organization by defense of the public interest.

[[Stuart A. Wright]], an American sociologist and author, asserts that apostasy is a unique phenomenon and a distinct type of religious defection in which the apostate is a defector "who is aligned with an oppositional coalition in an effort to broaden the dispute, and embraces public claims-making activities to attack his or her former group."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Stuart, A. |chapter=Exploring Factors that Shape the Apostate Role |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=David G. |title=The Politics of Religious Apostasy |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsreligiou00brom_484/page/n117 109] |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=0-275-95508-7|title-link=The Politics of Religious Apostasy }}</ref>