Editing Anzac Day (section)

==History==
Anzac Day marks the anniversary of the first campaign that led to major casualties for Australian and New Zealand forces during the First World War. The acronym ANZAC stands for [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]], whose soldiers were known as Anzacs. Anzac Day remains one of the most important national occasions of both Australia and New Zealand;<ref name=awmtradition>{{cite web|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/anzac/anzac_tradition.asp|title=The ANZAC Day tradition|publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]]|access-date=2 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501163212/http://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/anzac/anzac_tradition.asp|archive-date=1 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="AWM tradition"/> however, the ceremonies and their meanings have changed significantly since 1915. According to Martin Crotty, a historian at the [[University of Queensland]], Anzac commemorations have "suited political purposes right from 1916 when the first Anzac Day march was held in London and Australia, which were very much around trying to get more people to sign up to the war in 1916–1918".<ref name=Ausgeog/>

===Gallipoli campaign, 1915===
{{main|Gallipoli Campaign}}
In 1915, Australian and New Zealand soldiers formed part of an [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] expedition that set out to capture the [[Gallipoli]] Peninsula in the [[Ottoman Empire]] to open the way to the [[Black Sea]] for the Allied navies. The objective was to capture [[Constantinople]], the capital of the Ottoman Empire, which was a member of the [[Central Powers]] during the war. The ANZAC force landed at Gallipoli on 25 April, meeting fierce resistance from the Ottoman Army commanded by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] (later known as Atatürk).<ref>{{cite book|title=Gallipoli: The Fatal Shore|last=Broadbent|first=Harvey|author-link=Harvey Broadbent|publisher=Viking/Penguin|location=Camberwell, VIC|year=2005|isbn=978-0-670-04085-8|page=47}}</ref> What had been planned as a bold strike to knock the Ottomans out of the war quickly became a stalemate, and the campaign dragged on for eight months. At the end of 1915, the Allied forces were evacuated after both sides had suffered heavy casualties and endured great hardships. [[Gallipoli Campaign#Casualties|The Allied deaths]] totalled over 56,000, including 8,709 from Australia and 2,721 from New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dva.gov.au/news_archive/Documents/The%20Gallipoli%20Campaign.pdf|title=ANZAC Day 2010 – The Gallipoli Campaign|publisher=Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs|ref=CITEREFDepartment of Veterans Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313050857/http://www.dva.gov.au/news_archive/Documents/The%20Gallipoli%20Campaign.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2013|access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/interactive/gallipoli-casualties-country|title=Gallipoli Casualties by Country|date=1 March 2016|website=NZ History|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035843/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/interactive/gallipoli-casualties-country|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> News of the landing at Gallipoli made a profound impact on Australians and New Zealanders at home and 25 April quickly became the day on which they remembered the sacrifice of those who had died in the war.

Though the Gallipoli campaign failed to achieve its military objectives of capturing Constantinople and knocking the Ottoman Empire out of the war, the actions of the Australian and New Zealand troops during the campaign bequeathed an intangible but powerful legacy. The creation of what became known as an [[Anzac legend]] became an important part of the national identity in both countries. This has shaped the way their citizens have viewed both their past and their understanding of the present. The heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sharpe|first=Maureen|title=Anzac Day in New Zealand, 1916–1939|journal=The New Zealand Journal of History|date=1981|volume=15|issue=2|pages=97–114|url=http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/document.php?wid=1238&action=null|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201650/http://www.nzjh.auckland.ac.nz/document.php?wid=1238&action=null|archive-date=25 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Eveline|title=How the Herald reported the Gallipoli landings|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10505785|access-date=25 March 2017|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|date=23 April 2008|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612164226/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10505785|url-status=live}}</ref>

===From 1915 to World War II===
On 30 April 1915, when the first news of the landing reached New Zealand, a half-day holiday was declared and impromptu services were held.<ref name="NZbeginnings">[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/first-anzac-days "The making of Anzac Day"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205001453/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/first-anzac-days|date=5 February 2016}}, New Zealand History online – Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa, History Group, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2007.</ref>

[[Adelaide]], South Australia, was the site of Australia's first built memorial to the Gallipoli landing, unveiled by Governor-General Sir [[Ronald Munro Ferguson]] on [[Wattle Day]], 7 September 1915, just over four months after the first landings. The monument was originally the centrepiece of the Wattle Day League's Gallipoli Memorial Wattle Grove on Sir Lewis Cohen Avenue in the South Park Lands. The original native pines and remnant seedlings of the original wattles still grow in Wattle Grove, but in 1940 the Adelaide City Council moved the monument and its surrounding pergola a short distance away to Lundie Gardens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/things/dardanelles-memorial|title=Dardanelles Memorial &#124; Adelaidia|publisher=Adelaidia.sa.gov.au|date=28 December 2013|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217085533/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/things/dardanelles-memorial|archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> Also in South Australia, [[Labour Day|Eight Hour Day]], 13 October 1915, was renamed Anzac Day and a carnival was organised to raise money for the Wounded Soldiers Fund.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Register|date=27 August 1915|page=6|title=Anzac Day|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59420501|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823163759/http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59420501|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Adelaide Advertiser|date=12 October 1915|page=6|title=ANZAC Day|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5483531|access-date=30 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172249/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5483531|archive-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> The name Anzac Day was chosen through a competition, won by Robert Wheeler, a draper of Prospect.<ref name=Sydney>{{cite web|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_beginnings_of_anzac_day_commemorations_in_sydney|title=The beginnings of Anzac Day commemorations in Sydney|last=Radford|first=Neil|date=2014|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010621/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_beginnings_of_anzac_day_commemorations_in_sydney}}</ref>

[[Melbourne]] observed an Anzac Remembrance Day on 17 December 1915.<ref name=Sydney/>

Anniversary commemorations started in Queensland.<ref>{{SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/anzac-day-ritual-0|title=Anzac Day ritual|date=1 October 2022|authors=Kate Hall|access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> On 10 January 1916, Canon [[David John Garland]] was appointed the honorary secretary of the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland (ADCCQ) at a public meeting which endorsed 25 April as the date to be promoted as "Anzac Day" in 1916 and ever after. Queensland Premier [[T. J. Ryan]] urged the other Australian states to enact a similar parade, and soon the date became a national day of reflection.<ref>{{SLQ-CC-BY |last=Hall |first=Kate |title=Anzac Day ritual |url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/anzac-day-ritual-0 |date=1 October 2022 |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> Devoted to the cause of a non-denominational commemoration that could be attended by the whole of Australian society, Garland worked amicably across all denominational divides, creating the framework for Anzac Day commemorative services.<ref>{{cite web|title=The "Architect" of Anzac Day|url=http://www.garlandmemorial.com/about-garland/|publisher=Canon Garland Memorial Society|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301081344/http://www.garlandmemorial.com/about-garland/|archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> Garland is specifically credited with initiating the Anzac Day march, the wreath-laying ceremonies at memorials and the special church services, the two minutes of silence, and the luncheon for returned soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mansfield|first=Wendy M.|title=Garland, David John (1864–1939)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garland-david-john-6278|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|location=Canberra|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210643/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garland-david-john-6278|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Garland intended the silence to be used in lieu of a prayer to allow the Anzac Day service to be universally attended, allowing attendees to make a silent prayer or remembrance in accordance with their own beliefs. He particularly feared that the universality of the ceremony would fall victim to religious sectarian disputes.<ref>{{cite web|last=perkinsy|title=The Anzac Day Silence, Religion and Garland|url=http://stumblingpast.com/2014/04/25/the-anzac-day-silence-religion-and-garland/|website=Stumbling Through the Past|access-date=17 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144827/http://stumblingpast.com/2014/04/25/the-anzac-day-silence-religion-and-garland/|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The [[State Library of Queensland]] holds the minutes from the Anzac Day Commemoration Committee of Queensland;<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2016|title=Queensland's first Anzac Day {{!}} State Library of Queensland|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/queenslands-first-anzac-day|access-date=23 March 2021|website=slq.qld.gov.au|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309001641/https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/queenslands-first-anzac-day|url-status=live}}</ref> the collection has been digitised and available to view online.<ref>{{cite web|title=OMHA ANZAC Day Commemoration Committee Records 1916–1974|url=http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=slq_alma21148762950002061&vid=SLQ&search_scope=SLQ_PCI_EBSCO&tab=all&lang=en_US&context=L|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2021|website=State Library of Queensland|archive-date=4 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704005411/https://login.slq.qld.gov.au/pds?func=sso&calling_system=primo&institute=SLQ&lang=eng&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonesearch.slq.qld.gov.au%3A80%2Fprimo_library%2Flibweb%2FpdsLogin%3FtargetURL%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fonesearch.slq.qld.gov.au%2Fprimo-explore%2Ffulldisplay%3Fdocid%3Dslq_alma21148762950002061%26vid%3DSLQ%26search_scope%3DSLQ_PCI_EBSCO%26tab%3Dall%26lang%3Den_US%26context%3DL%26isIframeSSO%3Dtrue%26from-new-ui%3D1%26authenticationProfile%3DProfile%2B1}}</ref> In 2019, the collection was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Australian Register.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anzac Day Commemoration Committee Minutes and Suggestions 1916–1922 {{!}} Australian Memory of the World|url=https://www.amw.org.au/register/listings/anzac-day-commemoration-committee-minutes-and-suggestions-1916-1922|access-date=23 March 2021|website=amw.org.au|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329205640/https://www.amw.org.au/register/listings/anzac-day-commemoration-committee-minutes-and-suggestions-1916-1922|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:First Anzac Day in Sydney, 1916.jpg|thumb|First Anzac Day parade in Sydney, along Macquarie Street, 25 April 1916]]

The date 25 April was officially named Anzac Day in 1916;<ref name=Army>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-history/traditions/anzac-day|access-date=23 November 2018|title=Anzac Day|author=Australian Army|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123052943/https://www.army.gov.au/our-history/traditions/anzac-day}}</ref> in that year, it was marked by a wide variety of ceremonies and services in Australia, New Zealand and London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-24/london-parade-for-anzac-day-100-years-ago/7353616|title=Anzac Day: Did a London parade 'set the tone' for a century of celebrations?|first=James|last=Glenday|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|date=24 April 2016|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123053546/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-24/london-parade-for-anzac-day-100-years-ago/7353616|archive-date=23 November 2018}}</ref> In New Zealand, it was [[wikt:gazette#Verb|gazetted]] as a half-day holiday. Over 2,000 people attended the service in [[Rotorua]].<ref name="NZbeginnings" /> In London, over 2,000 Australian and New Zealand troops marched through the streets of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn6572573|title=Australian and New Zealand soldiers marching to Westminster Abbey to commemorate the first Anzac Day, London, 25 April 1916.|via=National Library of Australia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003203110/http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn6572573|archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> An unnamed London newspaper reputedly dubbed them "The Knights of Gallipoli". Marches were held all over Australia; wounded soldiers from Gallipoli attended the Sydney march in convoys of cars, accompanied by nurses.<ref name="AWM tradition">{{cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/anzac-day/traditions|title=The Anzac Day Tradition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115012559/https://www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/anzac-day/traditions|archive-date=15 November 2018|access-date=23 November 2018|author=Australian War Memorial}}</ref>

In Egypt, General [[John Monash]] paraded the troops on Anzac Day 1916.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minister.dva.gov.au/media_releases/2016/may/va037.htm|title=Statement on Anzac Commemorations in Australia and Overseas|author=The Hon. Dan Tehan, Minister for Veterans' Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123054819/http://minister.dva.gov.au/media_releases/2016/may/va037.htm|archive-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

For the remaining years of the war, Anzac Day was used as an occasion for patriotic rallies and recruiting campaigns, and marches of serving members of the AIF were held in most cities. From 1916 onwards, in both Australia and New Zealand, Anzac memorials were held on or about 25 April, mainly organised by returned servicemen and school children in cooperation with local authorities.<ref name="AWM tradition"/> Early morning services were solemn, with a more upbeat tone set for honouring returned soldiers during afternoon activities.<ref name=Ausgeog/>

Australian troops did not return to great victory parades at the end of the war. This was partly because their arrival home depended on available shipping, but also because of the [[Spanish flu|influenza epidemic of 1919]], which prevented people assembling in large numbers. The 1919 Sydney parade was cancelled as a result, but a public commemorative service was held in [[the Domain, Sydney|the Domain]], where participants were required to wear masks and stand three feet apart.<ref name=Sydney/>

Anzac Day was gazetted as a public holiday in New Zealand in 1920, through the [[Anzac Day Act (New Zealand)|Anzac Day Act]], after lobbying by the [[Royal New Zealand Returned and Services' Association|New Zealand Returned Services' Association]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_90years.html#1|title=Remembrance – RSA History|publisher=RSA (Returned Soldiers' Association)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308204426/http://www.rsa.org.nz/remem/rsa_hist_90years.html|archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> the RSA.<ref name="NZholiday">[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/anzac-day-1920-45 A sacred holiday – Anzac Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205001555/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/anzac-day-1920-45 |date=5 February 2016}}, New Zealand History online – Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa, History Group, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2007.</ref>

[[File:ANZAC Day at Manly, 1922.jpg|thumb|left|Anzac Day at [[Manly, Queensland]], 1922]]

In Australia at the 1921 State Premiers' Conference, it was decided that Anzac Day would be observed on 25 April each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historychannel.com.au/articles/the-first-anzac-day-in-1916/|title=The First Anzac Day in 1916|access-date=23 November 2018|publisher=Foxtel History Channel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062018/https://www.historychannel.com.au/articles/the-first-anzac-day-in-1916/|archive-date=23 November 2018}}</ref> However, it was not observed uniformly in all the states until 1922 when the States were invited to co-operate with the Commonwealth in observing the day, and an invitation was telegraphed to the various religious bodies suggesting that memorial services be held in the morning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/papers/govpub/VPARL1999-2002No189.pdf|title=ANZAC: Parliamentary review of Anzac Day laws|author=Parliament of Victoria. Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee|date=October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062354/https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/papers/govpub/VPARL1999-2002No189.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2018|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>
In the early 1920s returned soldiers mostly commemorated Anzac Day informally, primarily as a means of keeping in contact with each other. But as time passed and they inevitably began to drift apart, the ex-soldiers perceived a need for an institutionalised reunion.<ref name=Sydney/> During the late 1920s, Anzac Day became established as a National Day of Commemoration for the 60,000 Australians and 18,000 New Zealanders who died during the war. The first year in which all the Australian states observed some form of public holiday together on Anzac Day was 1927.<ref name=Ausgeog>{{cite web|url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2017/04/evolution-of-anzac-day/|title=The evolution of Anzac Day from 1915 until today|last=Khan|first=Joanna|date=24 April 2017|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123120857/https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2017/04/evolution-of-anzac-day/|website=National Geographic}}</ref> By the mid-1930s, all the rituals now associated with the day{{snd}}dawn vigils, marches, memorial services, reunions, [[two-up]] games{{snd}}became part of Australian Anzac Day culture.<ref name="AWM tradition"/> New Zealand commemorations also adopted many of these rituals, with the dawn service being introduced from Australia in 1939.<ref name="NZholiday" />

===Changes after World War II===
With the coming of the Second World War, Anzac Day became a day on which to commemorate the lives of Australians and New Zealanders which were lost in that war as well and in subsequent wars. The meaning of the day has been further broadened to include those killed in all the military operations in which the countries have been involved. Anzac Day was first commemorated at the [[Australian War Memorial]] in 1942, but, due to government orders preventing large public gatherings in case of [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] air attack, it was a small affair and was neither a march nor a memorial service. Anzac Day has been annually commemorated at the Australian War Memorial ever since.<ref name=awmtradition/><ref name="AWM tradition"/> In New Zealand, Anzac Day saw a surge in popularity immediately after World War II.<ref name=Robinson/>

===Decline in popularity===
By the 1950s, many New Zealanders had become antagonistic or indifferent towards the day. Much of this was linked to the legal ban on commerce on Anzac Day, and the banning by many local authorities of sports events and other entertainment on the day. Annoyance was particularly pronounced in 1953 and 1959, when Anzac Day fell on a Saturday. There was widespread public debate on the issue, with some people calling for the public holiday to be moved to the nearest Sunday or abolished altogether. In 1966, a new [[Anzac Day Act (New Zealand)|''Anzac Day Act'']] was passed, allowing sport and entertainment in the afternoon.<ref name=Robinson>Helen Robinson, 'Lest we Forget? The Fading of New Zealand War Commemorations, 1946–1966', ''New Zealand Journal of History'', 44, 1 (2010).</ref>

During and after Australia's involvement in the [[Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] (1962–1975), interest in Anzac Day reached its lowest point in Australia. On 26 April 1975, ''[[The Australian (newspaper)|The Australian]]'' newspaper covered the passing of Anzac Day in a single story.<ref name=Editorial>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18916129-601,00.html The Anzac Spirit, ''The Australian'', 25 April 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720144815/http://theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18916129-601,00.html |date=20 July 2008}}</ref> In the 1960s and 1970s, anti-war protesters used Anzac Day events as a platform to voice opposition to conscription and Australia's military involvement in general;<ref>[http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/saatwar/commemoration.htm State Library of South Australia, "Commemoration"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410051635/http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/saatwar/commemoration.htm |date=10 April 2008}}</ref><ref>Alan Ryan, [http://www.defence.gov.au/Army/AHU/books_articles/ConferencePapers/The_Australian_Army_Vietnam_War_Ryan.htm "The Australian Army and the Vietnam War in Retrospect"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516112947/http://www.defence.gov.au/army/ahu/books_articles/ConferencePapers/The_Australian_Army_Vietnam_War_Ryan.htm |date=16 May 2008}}, Australian Department of Defence</ref> in the following 20 years, the relevance of Australia's war connection with the British Empire was brought into question.<ref name=Ausgeog/> In 1967, two members of the left-wing Progressive Youth Movement in [[Christchurch]] staged a minor protest at the Anzac Day ceremony, laying a wreath protesting against the Vietnam War. They were subsequently convicted of [[disorderly conduct]]. In 1978, a women's group laid a wreath dedicated to all the women raped and killed during war, and movements for feminism, gay rights, and peace used the occasion to draw attention to their respective causes at various times during the 1980s.<ref name="modernNZ">[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/modern-anzac-day Modern Anzac Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205003212/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/modern-anzac-day |date=5 February 2016}}, New Zealand History online – Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa, History Group, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved 16 June 2007.</ref> In 1981, the group Women Against Rape in War marched up Anzac Parade towards the Australian War Memorial to lay their wreath at the Stone of Remembrance. At the head of the procession, women held a banner which read, "In memory of all women of all countries raped in all wars." More than 60 women were arrested by police. Following this time, there were calls for a new type of comradeship that did not discriminate based on sex or race.<ref name=Ausgeog/><ref name=Cahill>[http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/news/5085/ Shane Cahill, "Don't mention the anti-war feeling", ''The University of Melbourne Voice'' Vol. 3, No. 1, 14 April – 12 May 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728040415/http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/news/5085/ |date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref name=Murray>Ruby Murray, [http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=13175# The false nationalism of Anzac Day and football] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213225342/http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=13175 |date=13 February 2016}}, Eureka Street, 24 April 2009</ref>

===1990s–2010s: Revival===
In 1990, to mark the 75th anniversary of the [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli]] landing, many of the last surviving Gallipoli veterans along with government officials from Australia and New Zealand, including Australian Prime Minister [[Bob Hawke]]<ref name="walkleys.com">[http://www.walkleys.com/books/790/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109224827/http://www.walkleys.com/books/790/|date=9 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="McKenna">{{cite web|last=McKenna|first=Mark|url=http://newmatilda.com/2010/04/26/our-national-day|title=Our National Day|publisher=newmatilda.com|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217173212/https://newmatilda.com/2010/04/26/our-national-day|archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> and New Zealand governor-general [[Paul Reeves]],<ref name="Modern Anzac Day">[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/modern-anzac-day Modern Anzac Day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205003212/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/modern-anzac-day |date=5 February 2016 }}, Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Updated 5 April 2011.</ref> travelled to Turkey for a special Dawn Service at Gallipoli.

[[Bob Hawke]] was the first Australian Prime Minister to visit Turkey to pay respect to the fallen.<ref>https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-8008</ref> Prime Minister [[John Howard]] was also a huge proponent of Anzac Day commemorations, and visited Gallipoli on 25 April in both 2000 and 2005.<ref name=Ausgeog/><ref name=Waterson>DB Waterson, [http://www.abc.net.au/news/indepth/anzac/waterson.htm Anzac Day: Australia's National Day, ''ABC News Online''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427075711/http://www.abc.net.au/news/indepth/anzac/waterson.htm |date=27 April 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Anzac Day 2008 Wagga 19.jpg|thumb|right|A large commemoration march in [[Wagga Wagga, New South Wales]] (April 2008)]]

An increasing number of attendees have been young Australians,<ref>Anne-Marie Hede and John Hall, "Anzac Day and Australian nationalism: assessing the marketing lifecycle of this cultural phenomenon", Deakin University: www.deakin.edu.au/research/stories/hede/anzac-vietnam.doc</ref><ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/national/stay-in-australia-on-anzac-day-academic-20080421-27js.html "Stay in Australia on Anzac Day: academic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109225820/http://news.smh.com.au/national/stay-in-australia-on-anzac-day-academic-20080421-27js.html |date=9 January 2014}}, ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', 21 April 2008.</ref> many of whom attend ceremonies swathed in Australian flags, wearing green-and-gold T-shirts and beanies and with [[Australian flag]] tattoos imprinted on their skin.<ref name=Thousands/><ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Thousands-honour-Anzac-Day-at-Gallipoli/2007/04/25/1177459777230.html "Thousands honour Anzac Day at Gallipoli"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016075144/http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Thousands-honour-Anzac-Day-at-Gallipoli/2007/04/25/1177459777230.html |date=16 October 2015}}, ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 April 2007.</ref><ref>Charles Miranda, [http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23599892-662,00.html "Embracing our Anzac history"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429050508/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23599892-662,00.html |date=29 April 2008}}, ''Herald Sun'', 26 April 2008.</ref><ref name=Knight>Ben Knight, [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/11/02/2407903.htm Breaking through our Gallipoli 'myth', ''ABC News'', 2 November 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623214158/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/11/02/2407903.htm |date=23 June 2011}}</ref> This phenomenon has been perceived by some as a reflection of the desire of younger generations of Australians to honour the sacrifices made by the previous generations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/indepth/anzac/beaumont.htm|title=Anzac Day|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202052638/http://www.abc.net.au/news/indepth/anzac/beaumont.htm|archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Hobart Cenotaph, Tasmania, Australia - with wreaths for ANZAC Day.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hobart Cenotaph]], Tasmania, Australia – with wreaths for ANZAC Day]]
Australians and New Zealanders recognise 25 April as a ceremonial occasion to reflect on the cost of war and to remember those who fought and died in war. Commemorative services and marches are held at dawn, the time of the original landing, mainly at [[war memorial]]s in cities and towns across both nations and the sites of some of Australia and New Zealand's more-recognised battles and greatest losses, including [[Villers-Bretonneux]] in France<ref name="dva.gov.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/commemorations/commemorative_events/anzac_day/Pages/france.aspx|title=Anzac Day Services in France|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs|date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211203331/http://www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/commemorations/commemorative_events/anzac_day/Pages/france.aspx|archive-date=11 February 2014}}</ref> and Gallipoli in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/commemorations/commemorative_events/anzac_day/gallipoli/Pages/index.aspx|title=Anzac Day Services Gallipoli, Turkey – 2014|publisher=Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs|date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207152529/http://www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/commemorations/commemorative_events/anzac_day/gallipoli/Pages/index.aspx|archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>

One of the traditions of Anzac Day is the [[Gunfire (drink)|gunfire breakfast]] (coffee with [[rum]] added) which occurs shortly after many dawn ceremonies, and recalls the "breakfast" taken by many soldiers before facing battle. Later in the day, ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen meet and join in marches through the major cities and many smaller centres.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Jack|title=Kingdom Collision: The Movement of God's Spirit in a Time of War|year=2010|publisher=CrossBooks|isbn=978-1-4627-0036-3|page=69}}</ref>

In 2018, female veterans were encouraged to march at the front of their sections. The "By The Left" initiative was launched following a number of reported cases where servicewomen had been challenged that they were wearing their medals on the wrong side, as people should wear their own medals on the left side of their chest, but people marching in place of their parents or other ancestors should wear that person's medals on the right side.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-25/servicewomen-to-march-as-one-this-anzac-day/9692372|title=Anzac Day: From Iraq to Australia, servicewomen to march as one|first=Camron|last=Slessor|date=25 April 2018|publisher=ABC News|location=United States|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514000809/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-25/servicewomen-to-march-as-one-this-anzac-day/9692372|archive-date=14 May 2018}}</ref>

According to historian Carolyn Holbrook of [[Deakin University]], "We reached Peak Anzac in 2015[,] sure, and there has been some backing off since then, but in terms of the dawn services and Anzac Day commemoration, it will remain huge for a good while yet... There is nothing better to take its place in terms of a national mythology."<ref name=Ausgeog/>

In recent years, there has been greater recognition of the often overlooked role that women, immigrants and [[Aboriginal Australians|Indigenous Australians]] played in the wars, in the news and in the arts. ''Black Diggers'', which premiered at the Sydney Festival, told the stories of the Aboriginal men who enlisted, whose sacrifices were ignored, and who were quickly forgotten upon their return.<ref name=Ausgeog/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://australianplays.org/script/PL-182|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126075017/https://australianplays.org/script/PL-182|archive-date=26 November 2018|title=Black Diggers, by Tom Wright|website=Australianplays.org}}</ref> Country Arts SA's ''Aboriginal Diggers Project'' is a 3-year project (2017–2019) capturing the stories and experiences of Aboriginal servicemen and women who have served in Australia's Military from the Boer War to the present day through film, theatre and visual arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.countryarts.org.au/programs/aboriginal-engagement/aboriginaldiggers/|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126080615/https://www.countryarts.org.au/programs/aboriginal-engagement/aboriginaldiggers/|archive-date=26 November 2018|title=Aboriginal Diggers|website=Country Arts SA}}</ref><ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-25/anzac-day-2020-commemorated-amid-coronavirus-pandemic-covid-19/12184224 Leaders mark Anzac Day 2020 at War Memorial as Australians pay respects from home amid coronavirus lockdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425033233/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-25/anzac-day-2020-commemorated-amid-coronavirus-pandemic-covid-19/12184224 |date=25 April 2020 }} ''ABC News'' 25 April 2020</ref>

=== 2020–2022: COVID-19 pandemic===

In 2020, most Anzac Day marches in Australia and New Zealand were cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-16/anzac-day-services-cancelled-due-to-coronavirus/12060466 Coronavirus forces cancellation of Anzac Day services in Victoria, NSW, Tasmania, Queensland and Western Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316131157/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-16/anzac-day-services-cancelled-due-to-coronavirus/12060466 |date=16 March 2020 }} ''ABC News'' 16 March 2020</ref> As a consequence of the cancellation of the service, two Army veterans, Bill Sowry and Terry James, suggested standing in front of the driveways to observe a minute of silence; and, at the same time, Justin Wilbur, the son of a Vietnam veteran, offered to light a candle as a tribute to the soldiers. He created a [[Facebook]] group ''Aussies and Kiwis for ANZACS'', and Ashleigh Leckie, a Navy veteran, combined their ideas and put forth what we now know as the ''Driveway at Dawn'' movement. This movement was later adopted by the RSL and RSA and was consequently renamed ''Light up the Dawn'' and ''Stand at Dawn''.<ref>[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12327404 Anzac Day in lockdown: Jacinda Ardern, Clarke Gayford stand in Premier House driveway for virtual dawn ceremony] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424225043/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12327404 |date=24 April 2020 }} ''The New Zealand Herald'' 25 April 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.9news.com.au/national/anzac-day-driveway-dawn-service-how-to-follow-and-live-updates/e2e5b09f-6c90-4741-b907-4cfa278694ba Anzac Day: Prime Minister opens national dawn service as Australians remember from driveways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425024705/https://www.9news.com.au/national/anzac-day-driveway-dawn-service-how-to-follow-and-live-updates/e2e5b09f-6c90-4741-b907-4cfa278694ba |date=25 April 2020 }} ''Nine News'' 25 April 2020</ref> In the United Kingdom, [[Kathy Lette]] presented a [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]] performance of ''[[The One Day of the Year]]'' with five actors performing from their homes.<ref name="Anzac2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.gallipoli-association.org/events/anzac-day-saturday-25-april-2020/|access-date=27 May 2020|title=Anzac Day Saturday 25 April 2020 – The Gallipoli Association|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527225043/https://www.gallipoli-association.org/events/anzac-day-saturday-25-april-2020//}}</ref>

In 2021, major state marches occurred although under pandemic restriction settings such as in Queensland and the Northern Territory, others with ticketing and/or restrictions on numbers marching and watching, such as the national event in Canberra, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania. Overseas services were not held.<ref name="9news-anzac-day'21">{{cite news|author1=Staff|title=Sydney's Anzac Day march to go ahead with 10,000 people|publisher=9news.com.au|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/anzac-day-2021-state-by-state-guide-services-events-australia-coronavirus-restrictions-explainer/47906f3f-d542-4c5c-97bc-90887af26cae|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415050434/https://www.9news.com.au/national/anzac-day-2021-state-by-state-guide-services-events-australia-coronavirus-restrictions-explainer/47906f3f-d542-4c5c-97bc-90887af26cae|archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="haveago-wa-'21">{{cite news|last1=Merigan|first1=Tahlia|date=14 April 2021|title=How to commemorate this ANZAC Day|language=en-AU|work=Have a Go News|url=https://www.haveagonews.com.au/news/how-to-commemorate-this-anzac-day/|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415050434/https://www.haveagonews.com.au/news/how-to-commemorate-this-anzac-day/|archive-date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="startsat60-anzac'21">{{cite web|last=Wall|first=Anna|date=27 March 2021|title=2021 Anzac Day ceremonies: Here's the rules for each state and territory|url=https://startsat60.com/media/news/anzac-day-2021-australia-rules-each-state-and-territory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415050436/https://startsat60.com/media/news/anzac-day-2021-australia-rules-each-state-and-territory|archive-date=15 April 2021|access-date=15 April 2021|website=startsat60.com|language=en-AU}}</ref> Services did not happen in Perth as on 24 April Perth city and the [[Peel (Western Australia)|Peel region]] entered a sudden 3 day COVID-19 lockdown and Anzac Day services in the affected areas were cancelled.<ref name="abc-perth-3day-lockdown-23apr'21">{{cite news|last1=Perpitch|first1=Nicolas|date=23 April 2021|title=Perth plunged into three-day lockdown, Anzac Day services cancelled|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-23/perth-plunged-into-three-day-lockdown-after-hotel-covid/100091188|url-status=live|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423065037/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-23/perth-plunged-into-three-day-lockdown-after-hotel-covid/100091188|archive-date=23 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, dawn services returned in both Australia and in Gallipoli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anzac Day commemorations return to Gallipoli after two years|url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/anzac-day-2022-gallipoli-services-return-after-covid19/1959ccd7-b00a-4353-bb90-e7ca386f904a|access-date=25 April 2022|publisher=9news.com.au|date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425092457/https://www.9news.com.au/national/anzac-day-2022-gallipoli-services-return-after-covid19/1959ccd7-b00a-4353-bb90-e7ca386f904a|url-status=live}}</ref> The end of pandemic restriction meant crowds returned to pre-pandemic levels in Queensland<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2022|title=Lone digger does solo Anzac Day dawn march in Brisbane as Queenslanders flock to services|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/queensland-anzac-day-ceremonies/101013024|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425023032/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/queensland-anzac-day-ceremonies/101013024|url-status=live}}</ref> New South Wales<ref>{{cite web|agency=Australian Associated Press|date=25 April 2022|title=Large crowds turn out to mark Anzac Day across Sydney|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/apr/25/large-crowds-turn-out-to-mark-anzac-day-across-sydney|access-date=25 April 2022|website=The Guardian|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425053820/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/apr/25/large-crowds-turn-out-to-mark-anzac-day-across-sydney|url-status=live}}</ref> South Australia,<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2022|title=Six COVID-19 deaths and 3,175 new cases reported in SA|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/six-covid19-deaths-and-3175-new-cases-reported-in-sa/101013132|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425025201/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/six-covid19-deaths-and-3175-new-cases-reported-in-sa/101013132|url-status=live}}</ref> Victoria, The ACT, Tasmania and the Northern Territory where Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] and Deputy Opposition Leader [[Richard Marles]] (representing Opposition Leader Anthony Albanese who was sick with COVID at the time) attended a dawn service.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 April 2022|title=Crowds return to Anzac Day ceremonies and marches across Australia|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/anzac-day-commemorating-across-australia/101012362|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425001318/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/anzac-day-commemorating-across-australia/101012362|url-status=live}}</ref> Perth saw the return of the dawn service for the first time in three years albeit with only 500 attendees due to ongoing COVID restrictions.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2022|title=Anzac commemoration returns to Kings Park as families embrace driveway dawn services|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/anzac-day-returns-to-kings-park-after-covid-disruptions/101009072|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425012127/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-25/anzac-day-returns-to-kings-park-after-covid-disruptions/101009072|url-status=live}}</ref> Dawn services occurred in New Zealand but parades were cancelled due to the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Zealand commemorates Anzac Day 2022|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/04/25/new-zealand-commemorates-anzac-day-2022/|access-date=25 April 2022|website=1 News|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425061059/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/04/25/new-zealand-commemorates-anzac-day-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post-pandemic: 2023–present ===
In 2023, 30,000 attended the Canberra war memorial service, continuing a trend since 2015 of declining crowds.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 2023|title='Both historic and tragic': Dual nature of Anzac Day highlighted at services and marches across the country|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-25/anzac-day-2023-commemorated-across-australia/102261140|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425081926/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-25/anzac-day-2023-commemorated-across-australia/102261140|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 April 2023|title=Australians and New Zealanders recall war dead on Anzac Day|url=https://apnews.com/article/anzac-day-gallipoli-6190352dd0295192287b066f5d275554|access-date=25 April 2023|agency=Associated Press|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425081926/https://apnews.com/article/anzac-day-gallipoli-6190352dd0295192287b066f5d275554|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mandarin|first=The|date=22 April 2021|title=Anzac Day dawn services plummet 70% over recent years|url=https://www.themandarin.com.au/154619-anzac-day-dawn-services-plummet-70-over-recent-years/|access-date=25 April 2023|website=The Mandarin|language=en-US|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425081927/https://www.themandarin.com.au/154619-anzac-day-dawn-services-plummet-70-over-recent-years/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, in [[New South Wales]] it was proposed to change Anzac Day from a half-holiday to a full day, with many big supermarkets forced to stay closed for the whole day. Small cafes, newsagents and petrol stations can remain open. The [[Returned Services League]] (RSL), which represents serving and returned defence force people, is a strong supporter of this change.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rslaustralia.org/about-us/ |title=RSL |access-date=11 August 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811104337/https://www.rslaustralia.org/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, a bill was introduced by the New Zealand Government to change the official scope of ANZAC Day to include all persons, enlisted or not, who served New Zealand in times of war. This expands the previous definition, which was limited to service members who were involved in wars from World War I to the Vietnam War and service members who had died at any point. Neither definition involves participants in the [[New Zealand Wars]], although they are recognised on the National Day of Commemoration for the New Zealand Wars, albeit not with a public holiday.<ref>{{url| https://theconversation.com/a-law-change-will-expand-who-we-remember-on-anzac-day-the-new-zealand-wars-should-be-included-too-256682}}</ref>