Editing Anwar Sadat (section)

==Early life and revolutionary activities==
[[File:Sadat young.gif|thumb|left|upright|Sadat graduating from the military college in 1938]]
Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in [[Mit Abu El Kom]], part of [[Monufia Governorate]] in what was then the [[Sultanate of Egypt]], to a poor family, and he had 14 siblings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2010/1/25/profile-anwar-sadat |title=Profile: Anwar Sadat The former Egyptian president believed a peace deal with Israel was vital to end wars. |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=25 January 2010}}</ref> One of his brothers, [[Atef Sadat]], later became a pilot and was [[killed in action]] in 1973 during the [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/06/archives/sadats-brother-reported-killed-during-october-war.html |title=Sadat's Brother Reported Killed During October War| work=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 January 1974 |accessdate=2020-11-10}}</ref> His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat, was an [[Upper Egypt]]ian, and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was born to an Egyptian mother and a Sudanese father.<ref name=Wet2006>{{cite book| author=C. J. De Wet |title=Development-induced Displacement: Problems, Policies, and People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SQpTIxa63MC&pg=PA198 |access-date=31 January 2013 |year=2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-84545-095-3 |pages=198}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.masress.com/almesryoon/23704 | title=Sadat's Wife autobiography | language=Arabic}}</ref>

He graduated from the [[Egyptian Military Academy|Royal Military Academy]] in [[Cairo]], the capital of what was then the [[Kingdom of Egypt]], in 1938<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lIOS5DjocIC&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military&pg=PA102 |title=Anwar Sadat |last=Alagna |first=Magdalena| date=2004| publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-4464-4 |language=en}}</ref> and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (the Sudan being a [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]] under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and along with several other junior officers they formed the [[Free Officers movement (Egypt)|Free Officers]], an organization committed to overthrowing British rule in Egypt and eliminating state corruption.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books&pg=PA29 |title=Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: Negotiating Peace in the Middle East |last=Wagner |first=Heather Lehr |date=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0440-9 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Muhammed_Naguib_colors.jpg|alt=Muhammed_Naguib_colors|thumb|259x259px|Sadat with [[Mohamed Naguib]], 1952|left]]

During [[World War II]], Sadat, a member of the fascist and ultranationalist [[Young Egypt Party (1933)|Young Egypt Party]], [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborated]] with [[Nazi Germany]] in Egypt as part of [[Operation Salam]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zongker |first1=Brett |title=New play 'Camp David' retraces 1978 peace accord |url=https://apnews.com/new-play-camp-david-retraces-1978-peace-accord-002390900b2e49be8b8fdfbe3dc4f172 |website=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=8 April 2025 |location=Washington, D.C. |language=en |date=4 April 2014 |quote=Sadat was a former Nazi collaborator}}</ref> There were meetings and talk amongst some pro-Axis junior officers of a potential revolt, and Sadat later said that he'd wanted to make Egypt "[[1941 Iraqi coup d'état|a second Iraq]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadat |first=Anwar |title=Revolt on the Nile |publisher=Allan Wingate |year=1957 |page=35 |asin=B0000CJN1S |lccn=58000205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sādāt |first=Anwar as- |title=In search of identity: an autobiography |date=1978 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013742-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=18}}</ref> After the [[Abdeen Palace incident of 1942|Abdeen Palace incident]], Sadat furthered his plans for a coup, but [[Muslim Brotherhood]] leader [[Hassan al-Banna]] declined to support the plot.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sadat |first=Anwat |title=Revolt on the Nile |publisher=Allan Wingate |pages=43–44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sādāt |first=Anwar as- |title=In search of identity: an autobiography |date=1978 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013742-7 |location=New York |pages=33–42}}</ref> He then met with two German agents in Cairo to discuss his plan, but was arrested and imprisoned for much of the war. By the end of the conflict, Sadat had already met with the secret society that decided to assassinate [[Amin Osman]], Minister of Finance in the [[Wafd Party]] government, and the head of the Egyptian-British Friendship Society, due to his strong sympathies towards the British. Osman was assassinated in January 1946. Following the assassination of Amin Osman, Sadat returned again and finally to prison.{{Sfn|Tripp|1993|p=66|ps="It is, therefore, significant that a number of the Free Officers who were to be responsible for the overthrow of the king in 1952 obtained their political 'initiation' within the army through Ali Mahir's secret Officers' Organisation. The most obvious examples are Yusuf Mansur Sadiq, Abd al-Wahhab Salim al-Bishri and Muhammad Rashad Mahanna. In addition, Muhammad Nagib and his brother Ali were members of the organisation. Indeed, it has been suggested that virtually all of the most prominent Free Officers were members of what became known later as King Faruq's 'Iron Guard'. This claim should be treated with caution. Nevertheless, one of its aspects receives unwitting corroboration by one of the Free Officers, Anwar al-Sadat."}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benjamin |first=Milton R. |date=1977-11-20 |title=Sadat: The Man Who Admires A Bold Gamble |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/11/20/sadat-the-man-who-admires-a-bold-gamble/e10a5e28-78d9-4568-ba53-a0ff337044fd/ |access-date=2023-10-11 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sādāt |first=Anwar as- |title=In search of identity: an autobiography |date=1978 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013742-7 |location=New York |pages=33–42}}</ref> 

In Qarmidan prison, he faced the most difficult ordeals of imprisonment by being held in solitary confinement, but the first accused in the Hussein Tawfiq case, escaped, and after there is no criminality evidence all the charges fall and the suspected went free. [[Salah Zulfikar]], then young police officer, at that time was the officer in charge in the prison. He believed in his heart of Sadat's heroism and that he played a patriotic role towards his country and that he was convicted and imprisoned because of his love for his country. Zulfikar brought with him food, newspapers and cigarettes and helped his family a lot in obtaining visitor permits to check on him. Anwar Sadat was active in many political movements, including the Muslim Brotherhood, the fascist Young Egypt Party, the pro-Axis and pro-Royalist [[Iron Guard of Egypt]], and the secret military group called the Free Officers.<ref>{{cite web| publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] | first=Jon B. | last=Alterman |date=April 1, 1998| url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sadat-and-his-legacy-egypt-and-world-1977-1997 |title=Sadat and His Legacy: Egypt and the World, 1977–1997}}</ref> Along with his fellow Free Officers, Sadat participated in the military coup that launched the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952]], which overthrew King [[Farouk I]] on 23 July of that year. Sadat gave the first statement of the revolution over the radio to the Egyptian people.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/6/3347/Egyptian-Revolution-of-1952 | title=Egyptian Revolution of 1952 | work=[[Egypt Today]] | date=19 February 2017}}</ref>