Editing Antisemitism in the Arab world (section)

==Medieval times==
{{Main|Antisemitism in Islam|History of antisemitism#Middle Ages|History of the Jews under Muslim rule}}

Jews, along with [[Christians]], [[Sabians]], and [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] living under [[History of Islam|early and medieval Muslim rule]] were known as "[[People of the Book]]" to Muslims and subjected to the status of ''[[dhimmi]]'' ("protected" minority) in the [[Early Muslim conquests|lands conquered by Muslim Arabs]], a status generally applied to Non-Muslim minorities that was later also extended to other Non-Muslims like [[Sikhs]], [[Hindus]], [[Jainism|Jains]], and [[Buddhism|Buddhists]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Annemarie Schimmel|year=2004|page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107 107]|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-1861891853|quote=The conqueror [[Muhammad bin Qasim|Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem]] gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel}}</ref><ref name=bonner>{{cite book|author=Michael Bonner|author-link=Michael Bonner|title=Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=2008|page=89|isbn=9780691138381|jstor=j.ctt7sg8f}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wael B. Hallaq|author-link=Wael Hallaq|title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=327|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511815300|isbn=9780511815300}}</ref> Jews were generally seen as a religious group (not a separate race), thus being a part of the "Arab family".<ref>Lewis (1999), p. 131</ref>

''Dhimmi'' were subjected to a number of restrictions, the application and severity of which varied with time and place. Restrictions included residency in [[Racial segregation|segregated quarters]], [[Jewish religious clothing#Historical background|obligation to wear distinctive clothing]],<ref name="Silverman 2013">{{cite book |last=Silverman |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Silverman |year=2013 |title=A Cultural History of Jewish Dress |chapter=Bitter Bonnets and Badges: Dressing the Infidel |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZYdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |pages=47–50 |isbn=978-0-857-85209-0 |s2cid=190749766}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In many [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]], Jewish men typically wore [[tunic]]s, instead of trousers. In the same countries, many different local regulations emerged to make Christian and Jewish ''dhimmi'' look distinctive in their public appearance. In 1198, the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad caliph]] [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur]] decreed that Jews must wear a [[Dark blue (color)|dark blue]] garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat; his son altered the colour to [[Yellow badge|yellow]], a change that may have influenced [[Yellow badge#Medieval Catholic Europe|Catholic ordinances]] some time later.<ref name="Silverman 2013"/> German ethnographer [[Erich Brauer]] (1895–1942) noted that [[Yemenite Jews|Jews in Yemen]] were not allowed to wear clothing of any color besides [[blue]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brauer|first1=Erich|author-link=Erich Brauer|year=1934|title=Ethnologie der Jemenitischen Juden|location=Heidelberg|publisher=Carl Winters Kulturgeschichte Bibliothek, I. Reihe: Ethnologische bibliothek|volume=7|issue=1934|page=79}}</ref>|group=Note}} public subservience to Muslims, prohibitions against proselytizing and against marrying Muslim women, and limited access to the legal system (the testimony of a Jew did not count if contradicted by that of a Muslim). ''Dhimmi'' had to pay a special poll tax (the ''[[jizya]]''), which exempted them from military service, and also from payment of the ''[[zakat]]'' alms tax required of Muslims. In return, ''dhimmi'' were granted limited rights, including a degree of [[Toleration#Islam|tolerance]], community autonomy in personal matters, and protection from being killed outright. Jewish communities, like Christian ones, were typically constituted as semi-autonomous entities managed by their own laws and leadership, who carried the responsibility for the community towards the Muslim rulers.<ref>{{cite book|title=Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages|author=Cohen, Mark R. |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-691-01082-X |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&q=cohen+Under+Crescent+and+Cross|access-date=April 10, 2010 |author-link=Mark R. Cohen }}</ref>

The situation of Jews was comparatively better than their European counterparts, though they still suffered persecution.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0o9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=Jews Among Muslims: Communities in the Precolonial Middle East|chapter=Islam and the Jews: Myth, Counter-Myth, History|author=[[Mark R. Cohen]]|page=52|editor1=Walter Zenner|editor2=Shlomo A. Deshen|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814796764|date=December 1996}}</ref> Between the years of death of [[Idris I of Morocco]] in 793 and beginning of Almohad rule in 1130, Jews mostly led a peaceful existence in [[North Africa]]. The Almohads started forcing Jews and Christians to convert to Islam or be killed after conquering the region.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9txi3xuuENcC&pg=PA25|title=The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle|author=Sarah Taieb-Carlen|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761850441|date=2010}}</ref> There were also numerous massacres at other times in [[Morocco]], [[Libya]], and [[Algeria]].<ref>Roumani, Maurice. ''The Case of the Jews from Arab Countries: A Neglected Issue'', 1977, pp. 26–27.</ref>

The situation where Jews both enjoyed cultural and economic prosperity at times, but were widely persecuted at other times, was summarised by G. E. Von Grunebaum:

<blockquote>It would not be difficult to put together the names of a very sizable number of Jewish subjects or citizens of the Islamic area who have attained to high rank, to power, to great financial influence, to significant and recognized intellectual attainment; and the same could be done for Christians. But it would again not be difficult to compile a lengthy list of persecutions, arbitrary confiscations, attempted forced conversions, or pogroms.<ref>G. E. Von Grunebaum, ''Eastern Jewry Under Islam'', 1971, p. 369.</ref>
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