Editing Antisemitism in Islam (section)

==Range of opinions==
*[[Claude Cahen]]<ref name="Cahen">Claude Cahen. "Dhimma" in ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]''.</ref> and [[Shelomo Dov Goitein]]<ref name="Shelomo Dov Goitein">[[Shelomo Dov Goitein]], ''A Mediterranean Society: An Abridgment in One Volume'', p. 293.</ref> argue against the claim that [[History of antisemitism|antisemitism has a long history in Muslim countries]], writing that the discrimination that was practiced against [[Kafir|non-Muslims]] (''Kuffar'') was of a general nature, so it was not specifically directed against Jews.<ref name="OxfordDic">''The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion'', "Antisemitism"</ref> According to these scholars, antisemitism in [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islam]] was local and sporadic rather than general and endemic.
*[[Bernard Lewis]]<ref>Lewis, Bernard. "The New Anti-Semitism", ''The American Scholar'', Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, p. 25–36; based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on 24 March 2004.</ref> writes that while Muslims have held [[Stereotypes of Jews|negative stereotypes regarding Jews]] throughout most of [[History of Islam|Islamic history]], these stereotypes were different from those stereotypes which accompanied [[Medieval antisemitism|European antisemitism]] because, unlike [[Christians]] who considered Jews objects of fear, [[Muslims]] only considered Jews objects of ridicule. He argues that Muslims did not attribute "cosmic evil" to Jews.<ref>Lewis (1999) p. 192.</ref> In Lewis' view, it was only in the late 19th century that movements first appeared among Muslims that can be described as antisemitic in the European forms.<ref>Lewis (1984) p. 184</ref>
*Frederick M. Schweitzer and Marvin Perry state that there are mostly negative references to Jews in the [[Quran]] and [[Hadith]], and that "Islamic" regimes treated Jews in degrading ways. They assert that both the Jews and the Christians were relegated to the status of ''[[dhimmi]]''. Schweitzer and Perry state that throughout much of history, Christians treated Jews worse than Muslims did, stating that Jews in [[Christendom|Christian lands]] were subjected to worse polemics, persecutions, and massacres than [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule|Jews who lived under Muslim rule]].<ref name=Schweitzer266>Schweitzer, p. 266.</ref>
*According to [[Walter Laqueur]], the varying [[Tafsir|interpretations of the Quran]] are important for understanding Muslim attitudes towards Jews. Many Quranic verses preach tolerance towards the Jews; others make hostile remarks about them (which are similar to hostile remarks against all who do not accept Islam). [[Muhammad]] interacted with the [[Jewish tribes of Arabia]]: he preached to [[Conversion to Islam|convert them]], fought and killed many, but also befriended other Jews.<ref name="Laqueur192"/>
* For [[Martin Kramer]], the idea that [[New antisemitism|contemporary antisemitism]] by Muslims is authentically Islamic "touches on some truths, yet it misses many others" (see [[antisemitism in the Arab world]]). Kramer believes that contemporary antisemitism is only partially due to the policies of the [[Israel|State of Israel]], which Muslims consider an injustice and a major cause of their sense of victimhood and loss. Kramer attributes the primary causes of Muslim antisemitism to modern European antisemitic ideologies which have infected the [[Muslim world]].<ref name =kramer>{{cite web|url=http://www.martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/the-salience-of-islamic-antisemitism/ |title=The Salience of Islamic Antisemitism|website=www.martinkramer.org|date=11 October 2010}}</ref>
*[[Amal Saad-Ghorayeb]], a Lebanese writer and political analyst, devoted a chapter of her book ''Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion'' to an analysis of [[Hezbollah]]'s [[Racial antisemitism|anti-Jewish]] beliefs.<ref name="Saad-Ghorayeb">[[Amal Saad-Ghorayeb|Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal]]. ''Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion''. London: Pluto Press, 2002. pp. 168–86.</ref> She argues that although [[Zionism]] has influenced Hezbollah's [[anti-Judaism]], "it is not contingent upon it" because Hezbollah's hatred of Jews is more [[Islamic–Jewish relations|religiously motivated]] than politically motivated.<ref name="Saad-Ghorayeb" />