Editing Antibiotic (section)

==Etymology==

The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist [[Jean Paul Vuillemin]] as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs.<ref name="CALDERIN2007" /><ref name="Saxena">{{cite book|title=Applied Microbiology|vauthors=Saxena S|publisher=Springer India|year=2015|isbn=978-81-322-2258-3|pages=83–120|chapter=Chapter 8: Microbes in Production of Fine Chemicals (Antibiotics, Drugs, Vitamins, and Amino Acids)|doi=10.1007/978-81-322-2259-0|s2cid=36527513}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Foster W, Raoult A | title = Early descriptions of antibiosis | journal = The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners | volume = 24 | issue = 149 | pages = 889–894 | date = December 1974 | pmid = 4618289 | pmc = 2157443 }}</ref> Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Robert Koch]] observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''.<ref name="Saxena" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Landsberg H|year=1949|title=Prelude to the discovery of penicillin|journal=Isis|volume=40|issue=3|pages=225–7|doi=10.1086/349043|s2cid=143223535}}</ref> These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by [[Selman Waksman]], an American microbiologist, in 1947.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Waksman SA | title = What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance? | journal = Mycologia | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 565–569 | date = 1947 | pmid = 20264541 | doi = 10.1080/00275514.1947.12017635 }}</ref>

The term ''antibiotic'' was first used in 1942 by [[Selman Waksman]] and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is [[wikt:antagonism|antagonistic]] to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.<ref name="Saxena" /><ref name="Wakeman1947" /> This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as [[gastric juices]] and [[hydrogen peroxide]]). It also excluded [[chemical synthesis|synthetic]] antibacterial compounds such as the [[sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamides]]. In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/antimicrobialdru0000scho|title=The Antimicrobial Drugs|vauthors=Scholar EM, Pratt WB|publisher=Oxford University Press, US|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-512529-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/antimicrobialdru0000scho/page/3 3]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Davies J, Davies D|date=September 2010|title=Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=74|issue=3|pages=417–33|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00016-10|pmc=2937522|pmid=20805405}}</ref>

The term "antibiotic" derives from ''anti'' + βιωτικός (''biōtikos''), "fit for life, lively",<ref>{{cite book|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|veditors=Liddell HG, Scott R|chapter=βιωτικός|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbiwtiko%2Fs|via=[[Perseus Project]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425182154/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3Dbiwtiko/s|url-status=live}}</ref> which comes from βίωσις (''biōsis''), "way of life",<ref>{{cite book|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|veditors=Liddell HG, Scott R|chapter=βίωσις|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbi%2Fwsis|via=[[Perseus Project]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225214659/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbi%2Fwsis|url-status=live}}</ref> and that from βίος (''bios''), "life".<ref name="Antibiotics FAQ" /><ref>{{cite book|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|veditors=Liddell HG, Scott R|chapter=βίος|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbi%2Fos1|via=[[Perseus Project]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227060426/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbi%2Fos1|url-status=live}}</ref> The term "antibacterial" derives from [[Greek language|Greek]] ἀντί (''anti''), "against"<ref>{{cite book|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|veditors=Liddell HG, Scott R|chapter=ἀντί|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2F|via=[[Perseus Project]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011324/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)nti%2F|url-status=live}}</ref> + βακτήριον (''baktērion''), diminutive of βακτηρία (''baktēria''), "staff, cane",<ref>{{cite book|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|veditors=Liddell HG, Scott R|chapter=βακτηρία|chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dbakthri%2Fa|via=[[Perseus Project]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224153634/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=bakthri/a|url-status=live}}</ref> because the first bacteria to be discovered were rod-shaped.<ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/bacterium?q=bacterial#bacterium__2 bacterial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827221846/https://languages.oup.com/#bacterium__2 |date=27 August 2021 }}, on Oxford Dictionaries</ref>