Editing Anthony Burgess (section)

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
In 1917, Burgess was born at 91 Carisbrook Street in [[Harpurhey]], a suburb of [[Manchester]], [[England]], to Catholic parents, Joseph and Elizabeth Wilson.<ref name="Oxfordbiog">{{cite ODNB|last=Ratcliffe|first=Michael|contribution=Wilson, John Burgess [Anthony Burgess] (1917–1993)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/51526?docPos=2|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/51526|edition=online|access-date=20 June 2011}}</ref> He described his background as [[lower middle class]]; growing up during the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], his parents, who were shopkeepers, were fairly well off, as the demand for their tobacco and alcohol wares remained constant. He was known in childhood as Jack, Little Jack, and Johnny Eagle.<ref name="Lewis67">{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=67}}.</ref> At his [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|confirmation]], the name Anthony was added and he became John Anthony Burgess Wilson. He began using the [[pen name]] Anthony Burgess upon the publication of his 1956 novel ''Time for a Tiger''.<ref name="Oxfordbiog" />

His mother Elizabeth (''née'' Burgess) died at the age of 30 at home on 19 November 1918, during the [[1918 flu pandemic]]. The causes listed on her death certificate were [[influenza]], acute [[pneumonia]], and [[cardiac failure]]. His sister Muriel had died four days earlier on 15 November from influenza, [[broncho-pneumonia]], and cardiac failure, aged eight.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=62}}.</ref> Burgess believed he was resented by his father, Joseph Wilson, for having survived, when his mother and sister did not.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=64}}.</ref>

After the death of his mother, Burgess was raised by his maternal aunt, Ann Bromley, in [[Crumpsall]] with her two daughters. During this time, Burgess's father worked as a bookkeeper for a beef market by day, and in the evening played piano at a public house in [[Miles Platting]].<ref name="Lewis67" /> After his father married the landlady of this pub, Margaret Dwyer, in 1922, Burgess was raised by his father and stepmother.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=68}}.</ref> By 1924 the couple had established a [[tobacconist]] and [[Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom#Off-licence|off-licence]] business with four properties.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=70}} Burgess was briefly employed at the tobacconist shop as a child.<ref name=":0" /> On 18 April 1938, Joseph Wilson died from cardiac failure, [[pleurisy]], and influenza at the age of 55, leaving no inheritance despite his apparent business success.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|pp=70–71}} Burgess's stepmother died of a heart attack in 1940.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=107}}

Burgess has said of his largely solitary childhood "I was either distractedly persecuted or ignored. I was one despised.&nbsp;... Ragged boys in gangs would pounce on the well-dressed like myself."<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|pp=53–54}}.</ref> Burgess attended St. Edmund's Elementary School, before moving on to Bishop Bilsborrow Memorial Elementary School, both [[Catholic schools in the United Kingdom|Catholic schools]], in [[Moss Side]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=57}}.</ref> He later reflected "When I went to school I was able to read. At the Manchester elementary school I attended, most of the children could not read, so I was&nbsp;... a little apart, rather different from the rest."<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=66}}</ref> Good grades resulted in a place at [[Xaverian College]] (1928–37).<ref name="Oxfordbiog" />

==== Music ====
Burgess was indifferent to music until he heard on his home-built [[Radio receiver|radio]] "a quite incredible flute solo", which he characterised as "sinuous, exotic, erotic", and became spellbound.<ref name="McGraw 17-18">{{Harvnb|Burgess|1982|pp=17–18}}.</ref> Eight minutes later the announcer told him he had been listening to ''[[Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune]]'' by [[Claude Debussy]]. He referred to this as a "[[Psychedelic experience|psychedelic]] moment&nbsp;... a recognition of verbally inexpressible spiritual realities".<ref name="McGraw 17-18" /> When Burgess announced to his family that he wanted to be a composer, they objected as "there was no money in it".<ref name="McGraw 17-18" /> Music was not taught at his school, but at the age of about 14 he taught himself to play the piano.<ref>{{Harvnb|Burgess|1982|p=19}}.</ref>

==== University ====
Burgess had originally hoped to study music at university, but the music department at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]] turned down his application because of poor grades in [[physics]].<ref name=HRC>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/burgess.bio.html|title=Anthony Burgess, 1917–1993, Biographical Sketch|work=Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas, Austin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830172945/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/burgess.bio.html|archive-date=30 August 2005|date=8 June 2004}}</ref> Instead, he studied [[English language]] and [[English literature|literature]] there between 1937 and 1940, graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]]. His thesis concerned [[Christopher Marlowe|Marlowe]]'s ''[[The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus|Doctor Faustus]]'', and he graduated with an [[upper second-class honours]], which he found disappointing.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|pp=97–98}}.</ref> When grading one of Burgess's term papers, the historian [[A. J. P. Taylor]] wrote: "Bright ideas insufficient to conceal lack of knowledge."<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=95}}.</ref>

==== Marriage ====
Burgess met Llewela "Lynne" Isherwood Jones at the university where she was studying economics, politics and modern history, graduating in 1942 with an upper second-class.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|pp=109–110}}.</ref> Burgess and Jones were married on 22 January 1942.<ref name="Oxfordbiog" /> She was the daughter of secondary school headmaster Edward Jones (1886–1963) and Florence (née Jones; 1867–1956), and reportedly claimed to be a distant relative of [[Christopher Isherwood]], although the Lewis and Biswell biographies dispute this.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitang |first=Herbert |title=Anthony Burgess, 76, Dies; Man of Letters and Music |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/26/obituaries/anthony-burgess-76-dies-man-of-letters-and-music.html |type=obituary |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=26 November 1993}}</ref> According to Burgess's own account, it was not from his wife that the alleged connection to Christopher Isherwood originated: "Her father was an English Jones, her mother a Welsh one. [...] Of Christopher Isherwood [...] neither the Jones father or daughter had heard. She was unliterary&nbsp;..."<ref>Little Wilson and Big God, Anthony Burgess, Vintage, 2002, p.&nbsp;205.</ref> Biswell identifies Burgess as the origin of the alleged relationship with Christopher Isherwood—"if the rumour of an Isherwood affiliation signifies anything, it is that Burgess wanted people to believe that he was connected by marriage to another famous writer"—and notes that "Llewela was not, as Burgess claims in his autobiography, a 'cousin' of the writer Christopher Isherwood"; referring to a pedigree owned by the family, Biswell observes that "Llewela's father was descended from a female Isherwood"&nbsp;... "which means going back four generations&nbsp;... before encountering any Isherwoods", making any connection "at best" "tenuous and distant". He also establishes that per official records, "Llewela's family name was Jones, not (as Burgess liked to suggest) 'Isherwood Jones' or 'Isherwood-Jones'."<ref>The Real Life of Anthony Burgess, Andrew Biswell, Pan Macmillan, 2006, pp.&nbsp;71–72.</ref>

=== Military service ===
Burgess spent six weeks in 1940 as a [[British Army]] recruit in [[Eskbank]] before becoming a Nursing Orderly Class 3 in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]]. During his service, he was unpopular and was involved in incidents such as knocking off a corporal's cap and polishing the floor of a corridor to make people slip.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=113}}.</ref> In 1941, Burgess was pursued by the [[Royal Military Police]] for desertion after overstaying his leave from [[Morpeth, Northumberland|Morpeth]] military base with his future bride Lynne. The following year he asked to be transferred to the [[Army Educational Corps]] and, despite his loathing of authority, he was promoted to sergeant.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=117}}.</ref> During the [[blackout (wartime)|blackout]], his pregnant wife Lynne was raped and assaulted by four American deserters; perhaps as a result, she lost the child.<ref name="Oxfordbiog" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/nov/10/biography.anthonyburgess|location=London, UK|work=The Guardian|first=Nigel|last=Williams|title=Not like clockwork|date=10 November 2002}}</ref> Burgess, stationed at the time in [[Gibraltar]], was denied leave to see her.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|pp=107, 128}}.</ref>

At his stationing in Gibraltar, which he later wrote about in ''[[A Vision of Battlements]]'', he worked as a training college lecturer in speech and drama, teaching alongside Ann McGlinn in [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} McGlinn's [[communist]] ideology would have a major influence on his later novel ''[[A Clockwork Orange (novel)|A Clockwork Orange]]''. Burgess played a key role in "[[The British Way and Purpose]]" programme, designed to introduce members of the forces to the [[Post-war consensus|peacetime socialism]] of the [[Postwar Britain (1945–1979)|post-war years]] in Britain.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n03/colin-burrow/not-quite-nasty |title=Not Quite Nasty |author=Colin Burrow | date=9 February 2006 |magazine=London Review of Books |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> He was an instructor for the Central Advisory Council for Forces Education of the [[Ministry of Education (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Education]].<ref name="Oxfordbiog" /> Burgess's flair for languages was noticed by [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|army intelligence]], and he took part in debriefings of Dutch expatriates and [[Free French]] who found refuge in Gibraltar during the war. In the neighbouring [[Francoist Spain|Spanish]] town of [[La Línea de la Concepción]], he was arrested for insulting [[General Franco]] but released from custody shortly after the incident.<ref>{{Harvnb|Biswell|2006}}.</ref>

=== Early teaching career ===
Burgess left the army in 1946 with the rank of [[sergeant-major]]. For the next four years he was a lecturer in speech and drama at the Mid-West School of Education near [[Wolverhampton]] and at the Bamber Bridge Emergency Teacher Training College near [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]].<ref name="Oxfordbiog" /> Burgess taught in the extramural department of [[Birmingham University]] (1946–50).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/85075/Anthony-Burgess Anthony Burgess profile], britannica.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.</ref>

In late 1950, he began working as a secondary school teacher at [[Banbury School|Banbury Grammar School]] (now [[Banbury School]]) teaching English literature. In addition to his teaching duties, he supervised sports and ran the school's drama society. He organised a number of amateur theatrical events in his spare time. These involved local people and students and included productions of [[T. S. Eliot]]'s ''[[Sweeney Agonistes]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=168}}.</ref> Reports from his former students and colleagues indicate that he cared deeply about teaching.<ref name="BurgessIngersoll2008">{{cite book|author1=Anthony Burgess|author2=Earl G. Ingersoll|author3=Mary C. Ingersoll|title=Conversations with Anthony Burgess|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMQddeQeC-8C|year=2008|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-096-8|page=xv}}</ref>

With financial assistance provided by Lynne's father, the couple was able to put a down payment on a cottage in the village of [[Adderbury]], close to [[Banbury]]. He named the cottage "Little Gidding" after one of Eliot's ''[[Four Quartets]]''. Burgess cut his journalistic teeth in Adderbury, writing several articles for the local newspaper, the ''[[Banbury Guardian]]''.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://geoffreygrigson.wordpress.com/ ''Tiger: The Life and Opinions of Anthony Burgess''], geoffreygrigson.wordpress.com; accessed 26 November 2014.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2018}}

=== Malaya ===
[[File:Overfloor and Big Tree, Malay College.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Malay College]] in [[Kuala Kangsar]], Perak, where Burgess taught 1954–55]]
In 1954, Burgess joined the [[British Colonial Service]] as a teacher and education officer in [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]], initially stationed at [[Kuala Kangsar]] in Perak. Here he taught at the ''Malay College'' (now [[Malay College Kuala Kangsar]] – MCKK), modelled on [[English public school]] lines. In addition to his teaching duties, he was a housemaster in charge of students of the [[Preparatory school (UK)|preparatory school]], who were housed at a [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] mansion known as "King's Pavilion".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sakmongkol.blogspot.com/2009/06/life-and-times-of-dato-mokhtar-bin-dato_15.html|title=SAKMONGKOL AK47: The Life and Times of Dato Mokhtar bin Dato Sir Mahmud|publisher=Sakmongkol.blogspot.com|date=15 June 2009|access-date=14 February 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://mcoba.org/pesentation-by-old-boys-at-the-100-years-prep-school-centenary-celebration-2013 MCOBA – Pesentation(sic) by Old Boys at the 100 Years Prep School Centenary Celebration – 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141126194541/http://mcoba.org/pesentation-by-old-boys-at-the-100-years-prep-school-centenary-celebration-2013 |date=26 November 2014 }}, mcoba.org. Retrieved 26 November 2014.</ref> A variety of the music he wrote there was influenced by the country, notably [[Sinfoni Melayu]] for orchestra and brass band, which included cries of [[Merdeka]] (independence) from the audience. No score, however, is extant.<ref>{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Paul|publisher=The International Anthony Burgess Foundation|url=http://www.anthonyburgess.org/anthony-burgess-his-life-work/music/1954-59.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412072526/http://www.anthonyburgess.org/anthony-burgess-his-life-work/music/1954-59.htm|archive-date=12 April 2010 |title=1954–59 |date=5 May 2004}}</ref>

Burgess and his wife had occupied a noisy apartment where privacy was minimal, and this caused resentment. Following a dispute with the Malay College's principal about this, Burgess was reposted to the Malay Teachers' Training College at [[Kota Bharu]], Kelantan.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|pp=223–224}} Burgess attained fluency in [[Malay language|Malay]], spoken and written, achieving distinction in the examinations in the language set by the [[Colonial Office]]. He was rewarded with a salary increase for his proficiency in the language.

He devoted some of his free time in Malaya to creative writing "as a sort of gentlemanly hobby, because I knew there wasn't any money in it," and published his first novels: ''[[Time for a Tiger]]'', ''[[The Enemy in the Blanket]]'' and ''[[Beds in the East]]''.<ref>Aggeler, Geoffrey (Editor) (1986) ''Critical Essays on Anthony Burgess''. G K Hall. p. 1; {{ISBN|0-8161-8757-6}}.</ref> These became known as ''[[The Malayan Trilogy]]'' and were later published in one volume as ''[[The Long Day Wanes]]''.

=== Brunei ===
[[File:Sultan Ismail Petra Arch, Kota Bharu.jpg|thumb|Burgess was an education officer at the Malay Teachers' Training College 1955 and 1958.]]
After a brief period of leave in Britain during 1958, Burgess took up a further Eastern post, this time at the [[Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien College]] in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], Brunei. Brunei had been a British protectorate since 1888, and was not to achieve independence until 1984. In the sultanate, Burgess sketched the novel that, when it was published in 1961, was to be entitled ''[[Devil of a State]]'' and, although it dealt with Brunei, to avoid libel the action had to be transposed to an imaginary East African territory similar to [[Zanzibar]], named [[Dunya|Dunia]]. In his autobiography ''[[Little Wilson and Big God]]'' (1987), Burgess wrote:<ref>Burgess, Anthony (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=yeQ9wr5SrmgC&pg=PA431 ''Little Wilson and Big God''], Anthony Burgess, Random House, p. 431.</ref>
{{blockquote|
This novel was, is, about Brunei, which was renamed [[Naraka]], Malay-Sanskrit for "hell". Little invention was needed to contrive a large cast of unbelievable characters and a number of interwoven plots. Though completed in 1958, the work was not published until 1961, for what it was worth it was made a choice of the book society. [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]], my publisher, was doubtful about publishing it: it might be libellous. I had to change the setting from Brunei to an East African one. Heinemann was right to be timorous. In early 1958, ''The Enemy in the Blanket'' appeared and at once provoked a libel suit.
}}

About this time, Burgess collapsed in a Brunei classroom while teaching history and was diagnosed as having an inoperable brain tumour.<ref name=HRC /> Burgess was given just a year to live, prompting him to write several novels to get money to provide for his widow.<ref name=HRC /> He gave a different account, however, to [[Jeremy Isaacs]] in a ''[[Face to Face (British TV series)|Face to Face]]'' interview on the BBC ''[[The Late Show (BBC TV series)|The Late Show]]'' (21 March 1989). He said "Looking back now I see that I was driven out of the [[Colonial Service]]. I think possibly for political reasons that were disguised as clinical reasons".<ref>''Conversations with Anthony Burgess'' (2008) Ingersoll & Ingersoll ed. p.&nbsp;180.</ref> He alluded to this in an interview with Don Swaim, explaining that his wife Lynne had said something "obscene" to the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] during an official visit, and the colonial authorities turned against him.<ref Name="Ingersol1512">''Conversations with Anthony Burgess'' (2008), Ingersoll & Ingersoll, pp.&nbsp;151–152.</ref><ref name="swaim">{{cite web |url=http://www.wiredforbooks.org/anthonyburgess/ |title=1985 interview with Anthony Burgess (audio) |publisher=Wiredforbooks.org |date=19 September 1985 |access-date=8 August 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164114/http://www.wiredforbooks.org/anthonyburgess/ |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> He had already earned their displeasure, he told Swaim, by writing articles in the newspaper in support of the revolutionary opposition party the [[Parti Rakyat Brunei]], and for his friendship with its leader [[A. M. Azahari|Dr. Azahari]].<ref Name="Ingersol1512" /><ref name="swaim" /> Burgess's biographers attribute the incident to the author's notorious [[mythomania]]. [[Geoffrey Grigson]] writes:<ref name=autogenerated1 />
{{blockquote|
He was, however, suffering from the effects of prolonged heavy drinking (and associated poor nutrition), of the often oppressive south-east Asian climate, of chronic constipation, and of overwork and professional disappointment. As he put it, the scions of the sultans and of the élite in Brunei "did not wish to be taught", because the free-flowing abundance of oil guaranteed their income and privileged status. He may also have wished for a pretext to abandon teaching and get going full-time as a writer, having made a late start.
}}

=== Repatriate years ===
Burgess was invalided home in 1959<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=243}}.</ref> and relieved of his position in Brunei. He spent some time in the neurological ward of a London hospital (see ''[[The Doctor is Sick]]'') where he underwent cerebral tests that found no illness. On discharge, benefiting from a sum of money which Lynne Burgess had inherited from her father, together with their savings built up over six years in the East, he decided to become a full-time writer. The couple lived first in an apartment in [[Hove]], near Brighton. They later moved to a semi-detached house called "Applegarth" in [[Etchingham]], about four miles from Bateman's where [[Rudyard Kipling]] had lived in [[Burwash]], and one mile from the [[Robertsbridge]] home of [[Malcolm Muggeridge]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=280}}.</ref> Upon the death of Burgess's father-in-law, the couple used their inheritance to decamp to a terraced town house in [[Chiswick]]. This provided convenient access to the [[BBC Television Centre]] where he later became a frequent guest. During these years Burgess became a regular drinking partner of the novelist [[William S. Burroughs]]. Their meetings took place in London and [[Tangiers]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Lewis|2002|p=325}}.</ref>

A sea voyage the couple took with the Baltic Line from [[Tilbury]] to [[Leningrad]] in June 1961<ref>{{Harvnb|Biswell|2006|p=237}}.</ref> resulted in the novel ''Honey for the Bears''. He wrote in his autobiographical ''You've Had Your Time'' (1990), that in re-learning [[Russian language|Russian]] at this time, he found inspiration for the Russian-based slang [[Nadsat]] that he created for ''[[A Clockwork Orange (novel)|A Clockwork Orange]]'', going on to note, "I would resist to the limit any publisher's demand that a glossary be provided."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Craik|first1=Roger|s2cid=162676494|title='Bog or God' in A Clockwork Orange|journal=ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews|date=January 2003|volume=16|issue=4|pages=51–54|doi=10.1080/08957690309598481}}</ref><ref group='Notes' name='a'>A British edition of ''[[A Clockwork Orange (novel)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (Penguin 1972; {{ISBN|0-14-003219-3}}) and at least one American edition did have a glossary. A note added: "For help with the Russian, I am indebted to the kindness of my colleague Nora Montesinos and a number of correspondents."</ref>

[[Liana Burgess|Liana Macellari]], an [[Italian language|Italian]] translator twelve years younger than Burgess, came across his novels ''[[Inside Mr. Enderby]]'' and ''A Clockwork Orange'', while writing about English fiction.<ref name=TelegDec07>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1571513/Liana-Burgess.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1571513/Liana-Burgess.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Obituary: Liana Burgess|date=5 December 2007|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=30 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The two first met in 1963 over lunch in [[Chiswick]] and began an affair. In 1964, Liana gave birth to Burgess's son, Paolo Andrea. The affair was hidden from Burgess's [[alcoholic]] wife, whom he refused to leave for fear of offending his cousin (by Burgess's stepmother, Margaret Dwyer Wilson), [[George Dwyer]], the [[Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds]].<ref name=TelegDec07 />

Lynne Burgess died from [[cirrhosis of the liver]], on 20 March 1968.<ref name="Oxfordbiog" /> Six months later, in September 1968, Burgess married Liana, acknowledging her four-year-old boy as his own, although the birth certificate listed Roy Halliday, Liana's former partner, as the father.<ref name=TelegDec07 /> Paolo Andrea (also known as Andrew Burgess Wilson) died in London in 2002, aged 37.<ref>{{Harvnb|Biswell|2006|p=4}}.</ref> Liana died in 2007.<ref name=TelegDec07 />

=== Tax exile ===
Burgess was a Conservative (though, as he clarified in an interview with ''[[The Paris Review]]'', his political views could be considered "a kind of [[anarchism]]" since his ideal of a "[[Catholic]] [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] [[Imperialism|imperial]] [[Monarchism|monarch]]" was not practicable) a [[Lapsed Catholic|(lapsed) Catholic]] and monarchist, harbouring a distaste for all [[republic]]s.<ref name=Cullinan /> He believed [[socialism]] for the most part was "ridiculous" but did "concede that [[socialised medicine]] is a priority in any civilised country today".<ref name=Cullinan /> To avoid the 90% tax the family would have incurred because of their high income, they left Britain and toured Europe in a [[Bedford Dormobile]] motor-home. During their travels through France and across the [[Alps]], Burgess wrote in the back of the van as Liana drove.

In this period, he wrote novels and produced film scripts for [[Lew Grade]] and [[Franco Zeffirelli]].<ref name=TelegDec07 /> His first place of residence after leaving England was [[Lija]], Malta (1968–70). The negative reaction from a lecture that Burgess delivered to an audience of Catholic priests in Malta precipitated a move by the couple to Italy<ref name=TelegDec07 /> after the Maltese government confiscated the property.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Summerfield |first=Nicholas |date=December 2018 |title=Freedom and Anthony Burgess |journal=[[The London Magazine]] |volume=December/January 2019 |pages=64–69}}</ref> (He would go on to fictionalise these events in ''[[Earthly Powers]]'' a decade later.<ref name=":0" />) The Burgesses maintained a flat in Rome, a country house in [[Bracciano]], and a property in Montalbuccio. On hearing rumours of a [[Sicilian Mafia|mafia]] plot to kidnap Paolo Andrea while the family was staying in Rome, Burgess decided to move to [[Monaco]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Asprey |first=Matthew |title=Peripatetic Burgess |journal=End of the World Newsletter |date=July–August 2009 |issue=3 |pages=4–7 |url=http://www.anthonyburgess.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/01-newsletter-060709.pdf |access-date=31 August 2013}}</ref> Burgess was also motivated to move to the [[tax haven]] of Monaco, as the country did not levy [[income tax]], and widows were exempt from [[death duties]], a form of taxation on their husband's estates.{{sfn|Biswell|2006|p=356}} The couple also had a villa in France, at [[Callian, Var]], [[Provence]].{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=12}}

Burgess lived for a number of years in the United States, working as writer-in-residence at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] in 1969, as a visiting professor at [[Princeton University]] with the creative writing program in 1970, and as a distinguished professor at the [[City College of New York]] in 1972. At City College he was a close colleague and friend of [[Joseph Heller]]. He went on to teach creative writing at [[Columbia University]], lectured on the novel at the [[University of Iowa]] in 1975, and was and at the [[University at Buffalo]] in 1976.  Eventually he settled in [[Monaco]] in 1976, where he was active in the local community, becoming a co-founder of the [[Princess Grace Irish Library]], a centre for Irish cultural studies, in 1984.

In May 1988, Burgess made an [[After Dark (TV series)#"What is Sex For?"|extended appearance]] with, among others, [[Andrea Dworkin]] on the episode ''What Is Sex For?'' of the discussion programme ''[[After Dark (TV series)|After Dark]]''. He spoke at one point about divorce:

{{blockquote|Liking involves no discipline; love does&nbsp;... A marriage, say that lasts twenty years or more, is a kind of civilisation, a kind of microcosm – it develops its own language, its own semiotics, its own slang, its own shorthand&nbsp;... sex is part of it, part of the semiotics. To destroy, wantonly, such a relationship, is like destroying a whole civilisation.<ref>Quoted in Anthony McCarthy (2016), ''Ethical Sex'', Fidelity Press (ISBN 0-929891-17-1, 9780929891170)</ref>}}

Although Burgess lived not far from [[Graham Greene]], whose house was in [[Antibes]], Greene became aggrieved shortly before his death by comments in newspaper articles by Burgess and broke off all contact.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> [[Gore Vidal]] revealed in his 2006 memoir ''Point to Point Navigation'' that Greene disapproved of Burgess's appearance on various European television stations to discuss his (Burgess's) books.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Vidal recounts that Greene apparently regarded a willingness to appear on television as something that ought to be beneath a writer's dignity.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> "He talks about his books," Vidal quotes an exasperated Greene as saying.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> During this time, Burgess spent much time at his chalet {{cvt|2|km|abbr=off}} outside [[Lugano]], Switzerland.

=== Death ===
[[File:ABABBAABBA Monaco.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Burgess's grave marker at the [[Columbarium]] in Monaco's cemetery]]
Although Burgess wrote that he expected to "die somewhere in the Mediterranean lands, with an inaccurate obituary in the ''[[Nice-Matin]]'', unmourned, soon forgotten",<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ilovemanchester.com/2015/09/09/anthony-burgess-manchesters-neglected-hero.aspx |title=Anthony Burgess – Manchester's Neglected Hero? |last=Fitzgerald |first=Laurence |date=9 September 2015 |work=I Love Manchester |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> he returned to die in [[Twickenham]], an outer suburb of London, where he owned a house. Burgess died on 22&nbsp;November 1993 from [[lung cancer]], at the [[St John's Wood|Hospital of St&nbsp;John & St&nbsp;Elizabeth]] in London. His ashes were inurned at the [[Monaco Cemetery]].

The epitaph on Burgess's marble memorial stone, reads: "Abba Abba", which means "Father, father" in Aramaic, Arabic, Hebrew, and other Semitic languages and is pronounced by [[Christ]] during his agony in [[Gethsemane]] ({{bible|Mark|14:36|KJV}}) as he prays God to spare him. It is also [[Abba Abba|the title of Burgess's 22nd novel]], concerning the death of [[John Keats]]. Eulogies at his memorial service at [[St&nbsp;Paul's, Covent Garden]], London, in 1994 were delivered by the journalist [[Auberon Waugh]] and the novelist [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} ''The Times'' obituary heralded the author as "a great moralist".<ref>"Anthony Burgess", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.</ref> His estate was worth US$3&nbsp;million and included a large European property portfolio of houses and apartments.<ref name=TelegDec07 />