Editing Annapolis, Maryland (section)

==History==
===Colonial and early United States (1649–1808)===
[[File:Flag of Annapolis, Maryland.svg|thumb|Annapolis' first official flag, though not adopted until January 1965, is styled after the personal royal badge of British [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] after whom the city was named.<ref name=flag1965/> It resembles the [[:File:Floral Badge of Great Britain.svg|floral badge of Great Britain]]: a crown hovers over a thistle (representing Scotland) and a [[Tudor rose|rose]] (representing England), growing from a single stalk to portray their [[Acts of Union 1707|1706-07 union]] during Anne's reign.<ref name=flag1965/> ''Vixi liber et moriar'' means "I have lived free and will die so".<ref name=flag1965>{{cite news |title=DAR Chapter Presents City With Official Banner |url= https://newspaperarchive.com/annapolis-capital-jan-12-1965-p-1/ |work=Evening Capital |volume=LXXXI|issue=9 |date= January 12, 1965 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |page=1}} Image caption in newspaper: "City's First Flag".</ref>]]

A settlement in the [[Province of Maryland]] named "Providence" was founded on the north shore of the [[Severn River (Maryland)|Severn River]] on the middle Western Shore of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in 1649 by [[Puritan]] exiles from [[Colony of Virginia|the Province/Dominion of Virginia]] led by the third [[List of colonial governors of Maryland|Proprietary Governor of Maryland]], [[William Stone (Maryland governor)|William Stone]] (1603–1660). The settlers later moved to a better-protected harbor on the Severn's southern shore. The settlement on the south shore, known from 1683 as "Town at Proctor's",<ref>
{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ |title=Annals of Annapolis|editor=David Ridgely|publisher=Cushing & Brother|year=1841|pages= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ/page/n40 34], 35|access-date= July 11, 2022 | quote = In 1683 Annapolis was erected into a town, port, and place of trade, under the name of the 'Town Land at Proctors.}}
</ref> then "Town at the Severn", became in 1694 "Anne Arundel's Towne" (after Lady [[Anne Arundell]] (1616–1649), the late wife of the late [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore|Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore]], 1605–1675).<ref name="Annals">{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ |title=Annals of Annapolis|editor=David Ridgely|publisher=Cushing & Brother|year=1841|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ/page/n40 34], 35 |access-date= July 11, 2022 | quote = [Anne Arundel county] was probably so called from the maiden name of Lady Baltimore, then late deceased — Lady Anne Arundel, the daughter of Lord Arundel of Wardour, whom Cecilius Lord Baltimore had married. [...] In 1694 [the settlement] was constituted a town, port, and place of trade, under the name of Anne Arundel Town [...].}}</ref>

In 1654, after the [[Third English Civil War]], [[Parliamentary]] forces assumed control of the Maryland colony and Stone went into exile south across the [[Potomac River]] in Virginia. Per orders from Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a [[Cavalier]] royalist force, loyal to the uncrowned [[Charles II of England|King of England]]. On March 25, 1655, in what became known as the [[Battle of the Severn]] (the first colonial naval battle in [[North America]]), Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, and replaced by [[Josias Fendall|Lt. Gen. Josias Fendall]] (1628–1687) as fifth Proprietary [[Governor of Maryland|Governor]]. Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the [[English Commonwealth]] period. In 1660, he was replaced by [[Phillip Calvert (governor)|Phillip Calvert]] (1626–1682) as fifth/sixth [[Governor of Maryland]], after the [[restoration (Colonies)|restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (1630–1685) as [[King of England|King]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]].

In 1694, soon after the overthrow of the Catholic government of second Royal Governor [[Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)|Thomas Lawrence]] (1645–1714, in office for a few months in 1693), the third Royal Governor [[Francis Nicholson]] (1655-1727/28, in office: 1694–1698), moved the capital of the royal colony, the [[Province of Maryland]], to Anne Arundel's Towne and renamed the town "Annapolis"<ref>
{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ |title=Annals of Annapolis|editor=David Ridgely|publisher= Cushing & Brother|year= 1841|pages= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ycoLAAAAYAAJ/page/n40 34], 35|access-date= July 11, 2022 | quote = [...] the first assembly was held at Anne Arundel Town, on the 28th of February, 1694, (old style.) At the next session it acquired the name of the 'Port of Annapolis' and became the place of sessions for the courts of Anne Arundel county. [...] In this year it was enacted by the general assembly that there be one or more places laid out and reserved [...] That the naval-officer reside there; and that Anne Arundel Town for the future, should be called, known and distinguished by the name of 'Annapolis'.}}
</ref> after [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Princess Anne of Denmark and Norway]], soon to become [[queen regnant|Queen Anne]] of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] (1665–1714, reigned 1702–1714). Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Huston|first= John W.|title=Annapolis: an eighteenth-century analysis|journal=Conspectus of History|year= 1977|volume= 1 |issue= 4|page=49|url=http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=139&REC=1}}</ref> [[John Seymour (Maryland governor)|Colonel John Seymour, the Governor of Maryland]] from 1704 to 1709, wrote Queen Anne on March 16, 1709, with qualifications for municipal officials and provisions for fairs and market days for the town.<ref>Colonel John Seymour, Governor of Maryland, to Queen Anne. (16 March 1709). Colonial Office, Commonwealth and Foreign and Commonwealth Offices, Empire Marketing Board, and related bodies. Image library reference:CO 5/716 (1 of 6). [https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/viewAsset?id=17371&index=3&total=6&view=viewSearchItem The National Archives website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223042010/https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/viewAsset?id=17371&index=3&total=6&view=viewSearchItem |date=December 23, 2019 }} Retrieved 25 May 2019.</ref>
 
In the 17th century, Annapolis was little more than a village, but it grew rapidly for most of the 18th century until the [[American Revolutionary War]] as a political and administrative capital, a [[port of entry]], and a major center of the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= McWilliams|first1= Jane W.|title= Annapolis, City on the Severn: A History|date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref> The ''[[Maryland Gazette]]'', which became an important weekly journal, was founded there by Jonas Green<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bsos.umd.edu/ANTH/aia/Green%20Print%20Shop.htm |title=Green Print Shop |publisher=Archaeology in Annapolis |author=William J. Cochran |year=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081205195420/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/ANTH/aia/Green%20Print%20Shop.htm |archive-date= December 5, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
   |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/18th/104.html
   |title=Eighteenth-Century American Newspapers in the Library of Congress
   |date=July 1, 2005
   |publisher=The Library of Congress
   |access-date=December 29, 2017
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230013150/http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/18th/104.html
   |archive-date=December 30, 2017
   |url-status=live
   }}</ref> in 1745; in 1769 a theatre opened; during this period also the commerce was considerable, but it declined rapidly after Baltimore, with its deeper harbor, was made a port of entry in 1780.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Annapolis (Maryland) |display=Annapolis, a city and seaport of Maryland, U.S.A. |volume=2 |pages=63–64}} Endnotes:
* D. Ridgely, ''Annals of Annapolis from 1649 until the War of 1812'' (Baltimore, 1841)
* S. A. Shafer, "Annapolis, Ye Ancient City", in L. P. Powell's ''Historic Towns of the Southern States'' (New York, 1900)
* W. Eddis, ''Letters from America'' (London, 1792).</ref> Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the city's chief industries. Annapolis is home to a large number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city.

{{
multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | total_width = 450

| image1 = Annapolis Old Treasury Building from 1735 by D Ramey Logan.jpg | caption1 = The "Old Treasury Building" on State Circle (adjacent the [[Maryland State House]]) was built in 1735 and is the oldest extant government building in Annapolis.

| image2 = View of Annapolis in 1797 (NYPL b12612010-423603).tiff | caption2 = ''View of Annapolis in 1797'', [[New York Public Library]]
}}
[[Alexander Hamilton (Maryland doctor)|Dr. Alexander Hamilton]] (1712–1756), a Scottish-born doctor and writer, lived and worked in Annapolis. Leo Lemay says his 1744 travel diary ''Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton'' is "the best single portrait of men and manners, of rural and urban life, of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America."<ref>J.A. Leo Lemay, ''Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland'' (1972) p 229.</ref>

Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783. Congress was in session in the [[Maryland State House|state house]] from November 26, 1783, to August 19, 1784, and it was in Annapolis on December 23, 1783, that [[George Washington in the American Revolution|General]] [[George Washington|Washington]] resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.<ref name="EB1911"/>

For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned [[John Shaw (cabinetmaker)|John Shaw]], a local cabinetmaker, to create an [[American flag]]. Shaw's flag is slightly different from other designs of the time: the blue field extends over the entire height of the hoist. Shaw developed two versions of the flag: one which started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/12/AR2009061203917.html|title= A Corrected Replica of the Flag From Maryland's 1783 State House Will Be Raised|newspaper= The Washington Post|date= June 13, 2009|author= Mike Peed|access-date= August 24, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170701031341/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/12/AR2009061203917.html|archive-date=July 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/pdf/shawflag.pdf|title=A John Shaw Flag for the Maryland State House|publisher=Maryland State Archives|access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231058/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/pdf/shawflag.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the better regulation of commerce.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wright Jr. |first1=Robert K |title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution |last2=MacGregor Jr. |first2=Morris J. |publisher=Center of Military History |year=1987 |isbn=978-1125939758 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=265}}</ref> Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, and Delaware—actually attended the September 1786 gathering, known afterward as the [[Annapolis Convention (1786)|Annapolis Convention]]. Without proceeding to the business for which they had met, the delegates passed a resolution calling for another convention to meet at Philadelphia in the following year to amend the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The resulting [[Philadelphia Convention]] drafted and approved the [[Constitution of the United States]], which remains in force.<ref name="EB1911"/>

=== Civil War era (1849 – late 1800s) ===
On April 24 1861, the midshipmen of the [[Naval Academy]] relocated their base in Annapolis and were temporarily housed in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], until October 1865.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munch|first=Vincent A.|date=March 2001|title=News Library|journal=Reference Reviews|volume=15|issue=3|pages=17|doi=10.1108/rr.2001.15.3.17.145|issn=0950-4125}}</ref>

In 1861, the first of three camps that were built for holding paroled soldiers was created on the campus of [[St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)|St. John's College]]. The second location of [[Camp Parole, Annapolis|Camp Parole]] would house over 20,000 and would be located where Forest Drive is currently. The third and final location was finished in late 1863 and would be placed near the Elkridge Railroad, as to make transportation of soldiers and resources easier before and allowing the camp to grow to its highest numbers.<ref>{{Cite study|title=Current Population Survey, August 2005: Veterans Supplement|date=2008-04-04|doi = 10.3886/icpsr04555}}</ref> This area just west of the city is still referred to as [[Parole, Maryland|Parole]]. The soldiers who did not survive were buried in the [[Annapolis National Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=66303|title=Camp Parole Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org|access-date=2018-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165327/https://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=66303|archive-date=December 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:1896 Annapolis Maryland.jpg|alt=1896 Annapolis view|thumb|1896 Annapolis view<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghostsofbaltimore.org/2018/04/19/lovely-1896-aerial-view-of-annapolis/|title=Lovely 1896 Aerial View of Annapolis|last=Tom|date=2018-04-19|website=Ghosts of Baltimore|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044813/https://ghostsofbaltimore.org/2018/04/19/lovely-1896-aerial-view-of-annapolis/|archive-date=February 25, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

=== Contemporary era ===
In 1900, Annapolis had a population of 8,585. On December 21, 1906, Henry Davis was lynched in the city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/013600/013635/html/13635bio.html | title=Henry Davis, MSA SC 3520-13635 }}</ref> He was suspected of assaulting a local woman. Nobody was ever tried for the crime.

During [[World War II]], shipyards in Annapolis built a number of PT Boats, and military vessels such as minesweepers and patrol boats were built in Annapolis during the Korean and Vietnam wars. It was at Annapolis in July 1940 that [[Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg]] arrived in exile during World War II.

In the summer of 1984, the Navy Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis hosted soccer games as part of the [[1984 Summer Olympics|XXIII Olympiad]].

During September 18–19, 2003, [[Hurricane Isabel]] created the largest storm surge known in Annapolis's history, cresting at {{convert|7.58|ft|m}}. Much of downtown Annapolis was flooded and many businesses and homes in outlying areas were damaged. The previous record was {{convert|6.35|ft|m}} during a hurricane in 1933, and {{convert|5.5|ft|m}} during [[Hurricane Hazel]] in 1954. Downtown Annapolis has high-tide "sunny day" flooding. A [[Stanford University]] study found that this resulted in 3,000 less visits and $172,000 in lost revenue for local business in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-california-coast-storm-damage-20190313-story.html|title=Destruction from sea level rise in California could exceed worst wildfires and earthquakes, new research shows|last=Xia|first=Rosanna|date=March 13, 2019|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315100038/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-california-coast-storm-damage-20190313-story.html|archive-date=March 15, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

From mid-2007 through December 2008, the city celebrated the 300th anniversary of its 1708 Royal Charter, which established democratic self-governance. The many cultural events of this celebration were organized by Annapolis Charter 300.

Annapolis was home of the Anne Arundel County Battle of the Bands, which was held at Maryland Hall from 1999 to 2015. The event was a competition between musical groups from each high school in the county; it raised over $100,000 for the county's high school music programs during its 17-year run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.capitalgazette.com/news/ph-ac-cn-battle-bands-canceled-0728-20150727-story.html|title=County's Battle of the Bands ends after 17 years|last=Bottalico|first=Brandi|website=capitalgazette.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617205550/https://www.capitalgazette.com/news/ph-ac-cn-battle-bands-canceled-0728-20150727-story.html|archive-date=June 17, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On June 28, 2018, at the [[Capital Gazette shooting|Capital Gazette]], a gunman opened fire, killing five journalists and injuring two more.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/29/us/jarrod-ramos-annapolis-shooting.html|title=Maryland Shooting Suspect Had Long-Running Dispute With Newspaper|last1=Williams|first1=Timothy|date=2018-06-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-09|last2=Harmon|first2=Amy|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210160638/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/29/us/jarrod-ramos-annapolis-shooting.html|archive-date=December 10, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

An [[Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak|EF-2 tornado]] struck the western edge of the city on September 1, 2021, during the remnants of [[Hurricane Ida]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Melser|first=Lowell|date=2021-09-02|title=Ida leaves widespread damage in Anne Arundel County Wednesday|url=https://www.wbaltv.com/article/tracking-damage-left-behind-from-remnants-of-ida/37457041|access-date=2021-09-04|website=WBAL|language=en}}</ref> Homes, businesses, and restaurants had significant damage near [[Maryland Route 450]], where EF-2 damage was observed with estimated winds of 125&nbsp;mph. The tornado dissipated immediately past U.S. Route 50 and U.S. Route 301.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 3, 2021|title=IEM :: PNS from NWS LWX|url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSLWX&e=202109031708|access-date=2021-09-04|website=mesonet.agron.iastate.edu|language=en}}</ref>

====2007 Annapolis Conference====
{{Main|Annapolis Conference}}
As announced by [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]], Annapolis was the venue for a Middle East summit dealing with the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]], with the participation of Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]], Palestinian President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] ("[[Abu Mazen]]") and various other leaders from the region. The conference was held at the [[United States Naval Academy]] on November 26, 2007.

===Historic institutions===
====The State House====
The [[Maryland State House]] is the oldest in continuous legislative use in the United States. Construction started in 1772, and the Maryland legislature first met there in 1779. It is topped by the largest wooden dome built without nails in the country. The Maryland State House housed the workings of the United States government from November 26, 1783, to August 13, 1784, and the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] was ratified there on January 14, 1784, so Annapolis became the first peacetime capital of the U.S.<ref>{{cite web
   |url=http://www.hometownannapolis.com/tour_statehouse.html
   |title=The State House and its Dome
   |publisher= Capital Gazette Communications, Inc.
   |year=2008
   |access-date=October 18, 2008
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081015215214/http://hometownannapolis.com/tour_statehouse.html| archive-date= October 15, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="State House">{{cite web|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/story.html|title=History of the State House and Its Dome|publisher=Maryland State Archives|access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120153734/http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/story.html|archive-date=November 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was in the Maryland State House that [[George Washington]] famously resigned his commission before the [[Continental Congress]] on December 23, 1783.<ref name="State House" />

====United States Naval Academy====
[[File:bfc annapolis md usna bancroft hall 01w.jpg|thumb|right|US Naval Academy, [[Bancroft Hall]], c. 1908]]
The [[United States Naval Academy]] was founded in 1845 on the site of [[Fort Severn]], and now occupies an area of land [[Land reclamation|reclaimed]] from the [[Severn River (Maryland)|Severn River]]. Students that attend the Naval Academy are enrolled for four years with a following five year commitment to serving on active duty in the Marine Corps or Navy. Students hold the naval rank of [[Midshipman]], and on average about 4,500 are enrolled.

====St. John's College====
[[St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)|St. John's College]] is a non-sectarian private college that was once supported by the state. It was opened in 1789 as the successor of King William's School, which was founded by an act of the Maryland legislature in 1696 and was opened in 1701. Its principal building, McDowell Hall, was originally to be the governor's mansion; although £4,000 was appropriated to build it in 1742, it was not completed until after the War of Independence.<ref name="EB1911" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stjohnscollege.edu/about/history.shtml|title=A Brief History of St. John's College|publisher=St. John's College|access-date=January 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005200302/http://www.stjohnscollege.edu/about/history.shtml|archive-date=October 5, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>