Editing Animal welfare (section)

==History, principles, and practice==
Animal protection laws were enacted as early as the 1st millennium BCE in [[India]]. Several Indian kings built hospitals for animals, and emperor [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE) issued orders against hunting and animal slaughter, in line with ''[[ahimsa]]'', the doctrine of [[non-violence]].<ref name="Garner 2005, pp. 21–22">Garner (2005), pp. 21–22; [http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/mill01.htm/ Mill (1874)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805172223/http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/mill01.htm |date=5 August 2012 }}.</ref> In the 13th century CE, [[Genghis Khan]] protected wildlife in [[Mongolia]] during the breeding season (March to October).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weatherford|first=Jack|title=[[Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World]]|year=2004|publisher=Crown |isbn=0-609-80964-4}}</ref>

Early legislation in the [[Western world]] on behalf of animals includes the Ireland Parliament (Thomas Wentworth) "[[An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep]]", 1635, and the Massachusetts Colony ([[Nathaniel Ward]]) "Off the Bruite Creatures" Liberty 92 and 93 in the "[[Massachusetts Body of Liberties]]" of 1641.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-law/renaissance-legislation/1635-ireland-act-horses-sheep.htm |title=Animal Rights History |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001083518/http://www.animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-law/renaissance-legislation/1635-ireland-act-horses-sheep.htm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> In the [[Edo period]] of [[Japan]], [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi]] (1646 - 1709) instituted several laws relating to animal welfare, particularly towards dogs, earning him the nickname of "the dog [[Shogun]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokugawa Tsunayoshi {{!}} Edo Period, Animal Protection, Edict of Compassion {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tokugawa-Tsunayoshi |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1776, English clergyman [[Humphrey Primatt]] authored ''A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals'', one of the first books published in support of animal welfare.<ref>Niven, Charles D. (1967). ''History of the Humane Movement''. Transatlantic Arts. p. 53</ref><ref>Levitt, Lacey; Patronek, Gary; Grisso, Thomas. (2016). ''Animal Maltreatment: Forensic Mental Health Issues and Evaluations''. Oxford University Press. p. 19. {{ISBN|978-0-19-936090-1}}</ref> [[Marc Bekoff]] said that "Primatt was largely responsible for bringing animal welfare to the attention of the general public."<ref>Bekoff, Marc. (2010). ''Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare, 2nd Edition''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 484–485. {{ISBN|978-0-313-35257-7}}</ref>

Since 1822, when Irish MP [[Richard Martin (Irish politician)|Richard Martin]] brought the "[[Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822]]" through Parliament offering protection from cruelty to cattle, horses, and sheep, an animal welfare movement has been active in England. Martin was among the founders of the world's first animal welfare organization, the [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]], or SPCA, in 1824. In 1840, [[Queen Victoria]] gave the society her blessing, and it became the [[RSPCA]]. The society used members' donations to employ a growing network of inspectors, whose job was to identify abusers, gather evidence, and report them to the authorities.

In 1837, the German minister [[Albert Knapp]] founded the first German animal welfare society.<ref name="rosche 2012">{{cite web|last1=Rosche|first1=Mieke|title=Tierschutz- und Tierrechtsbewegung. Ein historischer Abriss|url=http://www.bpb.de/apuz/75820/tierschutz-und-tierrechtsbewegung-ein-historischer-abriss?p=all|website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung|date=14 February 2012 |access-date=28 May 2017|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201074656/http://www.bpb.de/apuz/75820/tierschutz-und-tierrechtsbewegung-ein-historischer-abriss?p=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the first national laws to protect animals was the UK [[Cruelty to Animals Act 1835]] followed by the [[Protection of Animals Act 1911]]. In the US it was many years until there was a national law to protect animals—the [[Animal Welfare Act of 1966]]—although there were a number of states that passed anti-cruelty laws between 1828 and 1898.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/AWA2007/intro.shtml |title=AWIC |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302102008/http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/AWA2007/intro.shtml |archive-date=2 March 2013 }}</ref> In India, animals are protected by the "[[The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960|Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960]]".

Significant progress in animal welfare did not take place until the late 20th century.<ref>Phillips 2009. p 56.</ref> In 1965, the UK government commissioned an investigation—led by professor Roger Brambell—into the welfare of intensively farmed animals, partly in response to concerns raised in [[Ruth Harrison]]'s 1964 book, ''Animal Machines''. On the basis of Brambell's report, the UK government set up the Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee in 1967, which became the [[Farm Animal Welfare Council]] in 1979. The committee's first guidelines recommended that animals require the freedom to "stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs." The guidelines have since been elaborated upon to become known as the [[Five Freedoms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fawc.org.uk/freedoms.htm |title=Five Freedoms |publisher=Farm Animal Welfare Council |year=2009 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022426/http://www.fawc.org.uk/freedoms.htm |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref>

In the UK, the [[Animal Welfare Act 2006]] (c. 45) consolidated many different forms of animal welfare legislation.

A number of animal welfare organisations are campaigning to achieve a [[Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare]] (UDAW) at the United Nations. In principle, the Universal Declaration would call on the United Nations to recognise animals as sentient beings, capable of experiencing pain and suffering, and to recognise that animal welfare is an issue of importance as part of the social development of nations worldwide. The campaign to achieve the UDAW is being coordinated by [[World Animal Protection]], with a core working group including [[Compassion in World Farming]], the RSPCA, and the Humane Society International (the international branch of [[HSUS]]).<ref>[http://www.ciwf.org.uk/animal_sentience/universal_declaration_on_animal_welfare/default.aspx Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328203053/http://www.ciwf.org.uk/animal_sentience/universal_declaration_on_animal_welfare/default.aspx |date=28 March 2014 }} Compassion in World Farming</ref><ref>[http://www.worldanimalprotection.org/take-action/back-universal-declaration-animal-welfare Back a Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501073957/http://www.worldanimalprotection.org/take-action/back-universal-declaration-animal-welfare |date=1 May 2016 }} World Animal Protection</ref>

The 2019 UN Global Sustainable Development Report identified animal welfare as one of several key missing issues in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Verkuijl |first1=Cleo |last2=Green |first2=Jonathan |date=26 February 2022 |title=Animal welfare matters for sustainable development |url=https://www.sei.org/perspectives/animal-welfare-matters-for-sustainable-development/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=SEI |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227202104/https://www.sei.org/perspectives/animal-welfare-matters-for-sustainable-development/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Animal welfare science===

{{main|Animal welfare science}}
[[Animal welfare science]] is an emerging field that seeks to answer questions raised by the keeping and use of animals, such as whether hens are frustrated when confined in cages,<ref name="Sherwin et al., (2010)">{{cite journal|last1=Sherwin|first1=C.M.|last2=Richards|first2=G.J.|last3=Nicol|first3=C.J.|year=2010|title=Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK|journal=British Poultry Science|volume=51|issue=4|pages=488–99|doi=10.1080/00071668.2010.502518|pmid=20924842|s2cid=8968010}}</ref> whether the psychological well-being of animals in laboratories can be maintained,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fraser|first=D.|year=2008|title=Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science in its Cultural Context|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=8}}</ref> and whether zoo animals are stressed by the transport required for international conservation.<ref name="Laws et al., (2007)">{{cite journal|last1=Laws|first1=N.|last2=Ganswindt|first2=A.|last3=Heistermann|first3=M.|last4=Harris|first4=M.|last5=Harris|first5=S.|last6=Sherwin|first6=C.|year=2007|title=A case study: Fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an Asian elephant|journal=Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science|volume=10|issue=4|pages=349–58|doi=10.1080/10888700701555600|pmid=17970634|s2cid=46617133}}</ref> Ireland leads research into farm animal welfare with the recently published [http://www.ucd.ie/vetmed/newsandevents/farmanimalwelfarereport-june2018/ Research Report on Farm Animal Welfare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508140625/http://www.ucd.ie/vetmed/newsandevents/farmanimalwelfarereport-june2018/ |date=8 May 2019 }}.