Editing Animal echolocation (section)

== Early research ==

The term ''echolocation'' was coined by 1944<!--perhaps as early as 1938--> by the American zoologist [[Donald Griffin]], who, with [[Robert Galambos]], first demonstrated the phenomenon in bats.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yoon |first=Carol Kaesuk |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/14/nyregion/donald-r-griffin-88-dies-argued-animals-can-think.html |title=Donald R. Griffin, 88, Dies; Argued Animals Can Think |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 November 2003 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915122729/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/14/nyregion/donald-r-griffin-88-dies-argued-animals-can-think.html |archive-date=15 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Griffin 1944">{{cite journal |last=Griffin |first=Donald R. |author-link=Donald Griffin |title=Echolocation by Blind Men, Bats and Radar |journal=Science |volume=100 |issue=2609 |pages=589–590 |date=December 1944 |pmid=17776129 |doi=10.1126/science.100.2609.589 |bibcode=1944Sci...100..589G }}</ref> As Griffin described in his book,<ref>{{cite book |last=Griffin |first=Donald R. |author-link=Donald Griffin |year=1958 |title=Listening in the dark |url=https://archive.org/details/listeningindarka00dona |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press}}</ref> the 18th century Italian scientist [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] had, by means of a series of elaborate experiments, concluded that when bats fly at night, they rely on some sense besides vision, but he did not discover that the other sense was hearing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spallanzani |first=Lazzaro |author-link=Lazzaro Spallanzani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYucKchNzIwC&pg=PA1 |title=Lettere sopra il sospetto di un nuovo senso nei pipistrelli |trans-title=Letters on the suspicion of a new sense in bats |language=it |location=Turin, Italy |publisher=Stamperia Reale |date=1794 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Dijkgraaf |first=Sven |date=March 1960 |title=Spallanzani's unpublished experiments on the sensory basis of object perception in bats |journal=Isis |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=9–20 |doi=10.1086/348834 |pmid=13816753 |s2cid=11923119 }}</ref> The Swiss physician and naturalist [[Louis Jurine]] repeated Spallanzani's experiments (using different species of bat), and concluded that when bats hunt at night, they rely on hearing.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Peschier |date=1798 |title=Extraits des expériences de Jurine sur les chauve-souris qu'on a privé de la vue |trans-title=Extracts of Jurine's experiments on bats that have been deprived of sight |language=fr |journal=Journal de physique, de chimie, d'histoire naturelle |volume=46 |pages=145–148 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000025234138;view=1up;seq=150}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Experiments on bats deprived of sight |journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=136–140 |quote= From p. 140: From these experiments the author concludes: … that the organ of hearing appears to supply that of sight in the discovery of bodies, and to furnish these animals with different sensations to direct their flight, and enable them to avoid those obstacles which may present themselves. |doi=10.1080/14786447808676811 |year=1798 |last1=De Jurine |first1=M. |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1658068 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dijkgraaf |first1=Sven |year=1949 |title=Spallanzani und die Fledermäuse |trans-title=Spallanzani and the bat |journal=Experientia |volume=5 |issue=2 | pages=90–92 |doi=10.1007/bf02153744 | s2cid=500691 }}</ref> In 1908, Walter Louis Hahn confirmed Spallanzani's and Jurine's findings.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hahn |first=Walter Louis |date=1908 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106183585;view=1up;seq=159 |title=Some habits and sensory adaptations of cave-inhabiting bats |journal=Biological Bulletin | volume= 15 |issue=3 |pages=135–198; especially pp. 165–178 |doi=10.2307/1536066 |jstor=1536066 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044107327314 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In 1912, the inventor [[Hiram Maxim]] independently proposed that bats used [[Infrasound |sound below the human auditory range]] to avoid obstacles.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maxim |first=Hiram |date=7 September 1912 |url= https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012343854;view=1up;seq=152 |title=The sixth sense of the bat. Sir Hiram Maxim's contention. The possible prevention of sea collisions. |journal=Scientific American Supplement |volume=74 |pages=148–150 }}</ref> In 1920, the English physiologist [[Hamilton Hartridge]] correctly proposed instead that bats used [[ultrasound|frequencies above the range of human hearing]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hartridge |first=H. |date=1920 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000088598481;view=1up;seq=72 |title=The avoidance of objects by bats in their flight |journal=Journal of Physiology |volume=54 |issue=1–2 |pages=54–57 |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1920.sp001908 |pmid=16993475 |pmc=1405739 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=<!--Thorpe?--> |date=1958 |title=Review of 'Listening in the Dark' |journal=Science |volume=128 |issue=3327 |page=766 |jstor=1754799 |doi=10.1126/science.128.3327.766 }}</ref>

Echolocation in [[odontocetes]] (toothed whales) was not properly described until two decades after Griffin and Galambos' work, by [[William E. Schevill |Schevill]] and McBride in 1956.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schevill |first1=W. E. |last2=McBride |first2=A. F. |year=1956 |title=Evidence for echolocation by cetaceans |journal=Deep-Sea Research |volume=3 |issue=2 | pages=153–154 |doi=10.1016/0146-6313(56)90096-x |bibcode=1956DSR.....3..153S }}</ref> However, in 1953, [[Jacques Yves Cousteau]] suggested in his first book, ''[[The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure |The Silent World]]'', that porpoises had something like [[sonar]], judging by their navigational abilities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cousteau |first=Jacques Yves |author-link=Jacques Yves Cousteau |title-link=The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure |title=The Silent World |date=1953 |publisher=Harper and Brothers |pages=206–207}}</ref>