Editing Anger (section)

==Psychology and sociology==
[[File: The Rage of Achilles by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.jpeg|thumb|''The Anger of Achilles'', by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] depicts the Greek hero attacking [[Agamemnon]].]]
Three types of anger are recognized by psychologists:<ref name="EoE">Paul M. Hughes, ''Anger'', Encyclopedia of Ethics, Vol I, Second Edition, Rutledge Press</ref>
#''Hasty and sudden anger'' is connected to the impulse for self-preservation. It is shared by humans and other animals, and it occurs when the animal feels tormented or trapped. This form of anger is episodic.
#''Settled and deliberate anger'' is a reaction to perceived ''deliberate'' harm or unfair treatment by others. This form of anger is episodic.
#''Dispositional anger'' is related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions. Irritability, sullenness, and churlishness are examples of the last form of anger.

Anger can potentially mobilize psychological resources and boost determination toward correction of wrong behaviors, promotion of [[social justice]], communication of negative sentiment, and redress of grievances. It can also facilitate patience. In contrast, anger can be destructive when it does not find its appropriate outlet in expression. Anger, in its strong form, impairs one's ability to process information and to exert [[cognitive control]] over one's [[behavior]]. An angry person may lose their objectivity, empathy, prudence or thoughtfulness and may cause harm to themselves or others.<ref name="EncPsy"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=P. |first1=Mohr |last2=Howells |first2=K. |last3=Gerace |first3=A. |last4=Day |first4=A. |last5=Wharton |first5=P. |year=2007 |title=The role of perspective taking in anger arousal |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=507–517 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.019 |hdl=2328/36189 |url=https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12143192300001831 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-date=2022-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820053540/https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12143192300001831 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=A. |last2=Mohr |first2=P. |last3=Howells |first3=K. |last4=Gerace |first4=A. |last5=Lim |first5=L. |s2cid=46542250 |year=2012 |title=The role of empathy in anger arousal in violent offenders and university students |journal=International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=599–613 |doi=10.1177/0306624X11431061 |pmid=22158909 |hdl=2328/35889 |url=https://ap01.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12143192240001831 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2020-08-27 |archive-date=2020-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003080916/https://ap01.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12143192240001831 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is a sharp distinction between anger and [[aggression]] (verbal or physical, direct or indirect) even though they mutually influence each other. While anger can activate aggression or increase its probability or intensity, it is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for aggression.<ref name="EncPsy"/>

===Neuropsychological perspective===
Extension of the stimuli of the fighting reactions: At the beginning of life, the human infant struggles indiscriminately against any restraining force, whether it be another human being or a blanket which confines their movements. There is no inherited susceptibility to social stimuli as distinct from other stimulation, in anger. At a later date the child learns that certain actions, such as striking, scolding, and screaming, are effective toward persons, but not toward things. In adults, though the infantile response is still sometimes seen, the fighting reaction becomes fairly well limited to stimuli whose hurting or restraining influence can be thrown off by physical violence.<ref>{{cite book | last=Allport | first=F.H. | title=Social Psychology | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=1924 | isbn=978-0-598-68947-4 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fmAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 |chapter=Fundamental Activities—Inherited and Learned}}</ref>

Brain regions which are activated when recognizing threat or provocation, and facilitate autonomic arousal and interoception and activate the stress response, are the salience network (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula cortex) and subcortical area (the thalamus, the amygdala, and the brain stem).<ref>{{Citation |last=Menon |first=V. |title=Salience Network |date=2015 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00052-x |work=Brain Mapping |pages=597–611 |access-date=2023-07-17 |publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00052-x |isbn=9780123973160 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seeley |first1=William W. |last2=Menon |first2=Vinod |last3=Schatzberg |first3=Alan F. |last4=Keller |first4=Jennifer |last5=Glover |first5=Gary H. |last6=Kenna |first6=Heather |last7=Reiss |first7=Allan L. |last8=Greicius |first8=Michael D. |date=2007-02-28 |title=Dissociable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks for Salience Processing and Executive Control |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=9 |pages=2349–2356 |doi=10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 |pmid=17329432 |issn=0270-6474|pmc=2680293 }}</ref>