Editing Andromeda (constellation) (section)

== History and mythology ==
[[File:Andromeda - Prodromus astronomiae 1690 (5590389).jpg|thumb|left|[[Johannes Hevelius]]'s depiction of Andromeda, from the 1690 edition of his ''Uranographia''. As was conventional for [[celestial atlas]]es of the time, the constellation is a mirror image of modern maps as it was drawn from a perspective outside the [[celestial sphere]].]]
[[File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Gloria Frederici, Andromeda, and Triangula.jpg|thumb|left|Andromeda as depicted in ''[[Urania's Mirror]]'', a set of constellation cards published in London c.&nbsp;1825, showing the constellation from the inside of the celestial sphere]]
[[File:F19.v. Andromeda NLW MS 735C.png|thumb|Andromeda depicted in an early scientific manuscript, c.1000]]
The [[uranography]] of Andromeda has its roots most firmly in the Greek tradition, though a female figure in Andromeda's location had appeared earlier in [[Babylonian astronomy]]. The stars that make up [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]] and the middle portion of modern Andromeda formed a constellation representing a [[fertility goddess]], sometimes named as Anunitum or the Lady of the Heavens.{{sfn|Rogers, ''Mediterranean Traditions''|1998}}

Andromeda is known as "the Chained Lady" or "the Chained Woman" in English. It was known as ''Mulier Catenata'' ("chained woman") in [[Latin]] and ''al-Mar'at al Musalsalah'' in [[Arabic]].{{sfn|Allen|1899|pp=32–33}} It has also been called ''Persea'' ("Perseus's wife") or ''Cepheis'' ("Cepheus's daughter"),{{sfn|Allen|1899|pp=32–33}}{{sfn|Olcott|2004|pp=22–23}} all names that refer to Andromeda's role in the Greco-Roman myth of Perseus, in which [[Cassiopeia (Queen of Ethiopia)|Cassiopeia]], the queen of [[Aethiopia]], bragged that her daughter was more beautiful than the [[Nereid]]s, sea nymphs blessed with incredible beauty.{{sfn|Moore|Tirion|1997|pp=116–117}} Offended at her remark, the nymphs petitioned [[Poseidon]] to punish Cassiopeia for her insolence, which he did by commanding the sea monster [[Cetus]] to attack Aethiopia.{{sfn|Moore|Tirion|1997|pp=116–117}} Andromeda's panicked father, [[Cepheus, King of Aethiopia|Cepheus]], was told by the Oracle of Ammon that the only way to save his kingdom was to sacrifice his daughter to Cetus.{{sfn|Thompson|Thompson|2007|pp=66–73}}{{sfn|Ridpath, ''Star Tales'' Andromeda}}<!-- The previous few sentences are covered by Thompson and Ridpath, including the sentences also cited to Moore. --> She was chained to a rock by the sea but was saved by the hero [[Perseus]], who in one version of the story used the head of [[Medusa]] to turn the monster into stone;{{sfn|Pasachoff|2000|p=132}} in another version, by the Roman poet [[Ovid]] in his [[Metamorphoses]], Perseus slew the monster with his diamond sword.{{sfn|Ridpath, ''Star Tales'' Andromeda}} Perseus and Andromeda then married; the myth recounts that the couple had nine children together&nbsp;– seven sons and two daughters&nbsp;– and founded [[Mycenae]] and its Persideae dynasty. After Andromeda's death [[Athena]] placed her in the sky as a constellation, to honor her. Three of the neighboring constellations ([[Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]], [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]] and [[Cepheus (constellation)|Cepheus]]) represent characters in the Perseus myth, while [[Cetus (constellation)|Cetus]] retreats to beyond [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]].{{sfn|Thompson|Thompson|2007|pp=66–73}} It is connected with the constellation Pegasus.

Andromeda was one of the original 48 [[constellation]]s formulated by [[Ptolemy]] in his 2nd-century [[Almagest]], in which it was defined as a specific pattern of stars. She is typically depicted with α Andromedae as her head, ο and λ Andromedae as her chains, and δ, π, μ, β, and γ her body and legs. However, there is no universal depiction of Andromeda and the stars used to represent her body, head, and chains.{{sfn|Staal|1988|pp=7–14, 17}} Arab astronomers were aware of Ptolemy's constellations, but they included a second constellation representing a fish overlapping Andromeda's body; the nose of this fish was marked by a hazy patch that ‍we ‍now ‍know ‍as ‍the ‍[[Andromeda Galaxy]], ‍M31.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/andromeda-alsufi.html|title=The Andromeda Galaxy and the Double Cluster in al-Sufi's Book of the Fixed Stars|publisher=Ian Ridpath's Star Tales |access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref> Several stars from Andromeda and most of the stars in [[Lacerta]] were combined in 1787 by German astronomer [[Johann Bode]] to form [[Honores Friderici]] (also called Friedrichs Ehre). It was designed to honour [[Frederick the Great|King Frederick II of Prussia]], but quickly fell into disuse.{{sfn|Bakich|1995|p=43}} Since the time of Ptolemy, Andromeda has remained a constellation and is officially recognized by the [[International Astronomical Union]]. Like all those that date back to a pattern known to Ptolemy, it is attributed to a wider zone and thus many surrounding stars.{{sfn|Bakich|1995|p=11}}{{sfn|Pasachoff|2000|pp=128–129}} In 1922, the IAU defined its recommended three-letter abbreviation, "And".{{sfn|Russell|1922|pp=469–471}} The official boundaries of Andromeda were defined in 1930 by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Delporte]] as a polygon of 36 segments. Its [[right ascension]] is between 22<sup>h</sup> 57.5<sup>m</sup> and 2<sup>h</sup> 39.3<sup>m</sup> and its [[declination]] is between 53.19° and 21.68° in the [[equatorial coordinate system]].{{sfn|IAU, ''The Constellations'', Andromeda}}

=== In non-Western astronomy ===
[[File:AndromedaCC.jpg|thumbnail|left|Photo of the constellation Andromeda, as it appears to the naked eye. Lines have been added for clarity.]]

In traditional [[Chinese astronomy]], nine stars from Andromeda (including Beta Andromedae, Mu Andromedae, and Nu Andromedae), along with seven stars from Pisces, formed an elliptical constellation called "[[Legs (Chinese constellation)|Legs]]" (奎宿). This constellation either represented the foot of a walking person or a wild boar.{{sfn|Ridpath, ''Star Tales'' Andromeda}} [[Gamma Andromedae]] and its neighbors were called "[[Teen Ta Tseang Keun]]" (天大将军, heaven's great general), representing honour in astrology and a great general in mythology.{{sfn|Olcott|2004|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Ridpath, ''Star Tales'' Andromeda}} [[Alpha Andromedae]] and [[Gamma Pegasi]] together made "[[Wall (Chinese constellation)|Wall]]" (壁宿), representing the eastern wall of the imperial palace and/or the emperor's personal library. For the Chinese, the northern swath of Andromeda formed a stable for changing horses ({{Transliteration|zh|tianjiu}}, 天厩, stable on sky) and the far western part, along with most of [[Lacerta]], became Tengshe, a flying snake.{{sfn|Ridpath, ''Star Tales'' Andromeda}}

An Arab constellation called "al-Hut" (the fish) was composed of several stars in Andromeda, M31, and several stars in Pisces. [[Nu Andromedae|ν And]], [[Mu Andromedae|μ And]], [[Beta Andromedae|β And]], [[Eta Andromedae|η And]], [[Zeta Andromedae|ζ And]], [[Epsilon Andromedae|ε And]], [[Delta Andromedae|δ And]], [[Pi Andromedae|π And]], and [[32 Andromedae|32 And]] were all included from Andromeda; [[Nu Piscium|ν Psc]], [[Phi Piscium|φ Psc]], [[Chi Piscium|χ Psc]], and [[Psi¹ Piscium|ψ<sup>1</sup> Psc]] were included from Pisces.{{sfn|Davis|1944}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Fish (al-hut): The 28th Arab lunar station |url=http://onesky.arizona.edu/arab-star-names/the-great-fish-al-hut/ |website=Two Deserts, One Sky |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

As per Hindu astronomy, Andromeda is known as Devyani Constellation while Cassiopeia is Sharmishta Constellation. Devyani and Sharmishta are wives of King Yayati (Perseus Constellation) who is the earliest patriarch of the Kuru and Yadu Clans that are mentioned frequently in epic Mahabharat. There is an interesting story of these three characters mentioned in Mahabharat. Devyani is the daughter of Guru Shukracharya while Shar.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Hindu legends surrounding Andromeda are similar to the Greek myths. Ancient Sanskrit texts depict Antarmada chained to a rock, as in the Greek myth. Scholars believe that the Hindu and Greek astrological myths were closely linked; one piece of evidence cited is the similarity between the names "Antarmada" and "Andromeda".{{sfn|Olcott|2004|pp=22–23}}

Andromeda is also associated with the [[Mesopotamia]]n creation story of [[Tiamat]], the goddess of Chaos. She bore many demons for her husband, [[Apsu]], but eventually decided to destroy them in a war that ended when [[Marduk]] killed her. He used her body to create the constellations as markers of time for humans.{{sfn|Olcott|2004|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Staal|1988|pp=7–14, 17}}

In the [[Marshall Islands]], Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Triangulum, and Aries are incorporated into a constellation representing a [[porpoise]]. Andromeda's bright stars are mostly in the body of the porpoise; Cassiopeia represents its tail and Aries its head.{{sfn|Staal|1988|pp=7–14, 17}} In the [[Tuamotu]] islands, Alpha Andromedae was called ''Takurua-e-te-tuki-hanga-ruki'', meaning "Star of the wearisome toil",{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=255}} and Beta Andromedae was called ''Piringa-o-Tautu''.{{sfn|Makemson|1941|p=279}}