Editing Andalusia (section)

==Etymology==
{{main|Etymology of Andalusia}}
[[File:España y Portugal (1770).jpg|thumb|Map of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] dated 1770. The Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Jaén|Jaén]], [[Kingdom of Córdoba|Córdoba]] and [[Kingdom of Seville|Seville]] are collectively referred to under the name ''Andalucía'', while the [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Kingdom of Granada]] appears under its individual name.]]

Its present form is derived from the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia, "Al-Andalus".<ref>{{citation |last=Mokhtar |first=G |title=Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=University of California Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-520-06697-7 |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDxMF-6UdCQC&q=andalusia |page=281 |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114125714/https://books.google.com/books?id=aDxMF-6UdCQC&q=andalusia#v=snippet&q=andalusia&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Burke |first=Ulick Ralph |title=A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic |year=1900 |publisher=Year Books |isbn=978-1-4437-4054-8 |url=http://www.mocavo.com/A-History-of-Spain-From-the-Earliest-Times-to-the-Death-of-Ferdinand-the-Catholic/137368/12?browse=true#449 |volume=1 |page=410 |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821190214/http://www.mocavo.com/A-History-of-Spain-From-the-Earliest-Times-to-the-Death-of-Ferdinand-the-Catholic/137368/12?browse=true#449 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=González Jiménez |first=Manuel |title=Sobre los orígenes históricos de Andalucía |journal=Boletín de la Real academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae baeticae |year=2012 |issue=40 |page=258 |url=http://institucional.us.es/revistas/rasbl/40/art_17.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://institucional.us.es/revistas/rasbl/40/art_17.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |issn=0214-4395}}</ref> The [[etymology]] of the name "Al-Andalus" is disputed,<ref name=Bossong2002/> and the extent of Iberian territory encompassed by the name has changed over the centuries.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stearns |first=Justin |title=Representing and Remembering al-Andalus: Some Historical Considerations Regarding the End of Time and the Making of Nostalgia |journal=Medieval Encounters |date=1 December 2009 |volume=15 |series=Medieval Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture Encounters in Confluence and Dialogue |issue=2 |page=358 |url=https://www.academia.edu/274992 |doi=10.1163/157006709X458891 |publisher=Brill NV |location=Department of Religion, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT |access-date=1 November 2017 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130217/https://www.academia.edu/274992 |url-status=live }}</ref> Traditionally it has been assumed to be derived from the name of the ''[[Vandals]]''. Since the 1980s, a number of proposals have challenged this contention. Halm, in 1989, derived the name from a Gothic term, ''*{{lang|got|landahlauts}}'',<ref name="Halm1989">{{cite journal |last=Halm |first=Heinz |title=Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors |journal=Der Islam |year=1989 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=252–263 |doi=10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252 |s2cid=161971416}}</ref>
and in 2002, Bossong suggested its derivation from a pre-Roman substrate.<ref name=Bossong2002>{{cite journal |last=Bossong |first=Georg |title=Der Name al-Andalus: neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem |journal=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs |year=2002 |volume=141 |series=Sounds and systems: studies in structure and change. |page=149 |url=http://www.rose.uzh.ch/seminar/personen/bossong/boss_bask_120.pdf |access-date=8 September 2013 |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Restle |editor2-first=Dietmar |editor2-last=Zaefferer |trans-title=The Name al-Andalus: Revisiting an Old Problem |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin |language=de |issn=1861-4302 |quote=Only a few years after the Islamic conquest of Spain, ''Al-Andalus'' appears in coin inscriptions as the Arabic equivalent of ''Hispania''. The traditionally held view that the etymology of this name has to do with the Vandals is shown to have no serious foundation. The phonetic, morphosyntactic, and also historical problems connected with this etymology are too numerous. Moreover, the existence of this name in various parts of central and northern Spain proves that ''Al-Andalus'' cannot be derived from this [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribe]]. It was the original name of the Punta Marroquí cape near Tarifa; very soon, it became generalized to designate the whole Peninsula. Undoubtedly, the name is of Pre-Indo-European origin. The parts of this compound (''anda'' and ''luz'') are frequent in the indigenous toponymy of the Iberian Peninsula. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627064440/http://www.rose.unizh.ch/seminar/personen/bossong/boss_bask_120.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2008}}</ref>

The Spanish place name ''Andalucía'' (immediate source of the English ''Andalusia'') was introduced into the [[Spanish language]]s in the 13th century under the form ''el Andalucía''.<ref name="Jiménez1998">{{cite book |author=Manuel González Jiménez |title=ANDALUCIA A DEBATE. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GvX_CQAMCIC&pg=PA16 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=Universidad de Sevilla |isbn=978-84-472-0485-4 |pages=16–17 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GvX_CQAMCIC&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The name was adopted to refer to those territories still under Moorish rule, and generally south of [[New Castile (Spain)|Castilla Nueva]] and [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]], and corresponding with the former Roman province hitherto called [[Baetica]] in Latin sources. This was a Castilianization of ''Al-Andalusiya'', the [[adjective|adjectival]] form of the Arabic language ''al-Andalus'', the name given by the Arabs to all of the Iberian territories under Muslim rule from 711 to 1492. The etymology of ''al-Andalus'' is itself somewhat debated (see [[al-Andalus]]), but in fact it entered the Arabic language before this area came under Moorish rule.

Like the Arabic term ''al-Andalus'', in historical contexts the Spanish term ''Andalucía'' or the English term ''Andalusia'' do not necessarily refer to the exact territory designated by these terms today. Initially, the term referred exclusively to territories under Muslim control. Later, it was applied to some of the last Iberian territories to be regained from the Muslims, though not always to exactly the same ones.<ref name="Jiménez1998"/> In the ''[[Estoria de España]]'' (also known as the ''[[Primera Crónica General]]'') of [[Alfonso X of Castile]], written in the second half of the 13th century, the term ''Andalucía'' is used with three different meanings:

# As a literal translation of the Arabic ''al-Ándalus'' when Arabic texts are quoted.
# To designate the territories the Christians had regained by that time in the [[Guadalquivir]] valley and in the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)|Granada]] and [[Kingdom of Murcia|Murcia]]. In a document from 1253, Alfonso X styled himself ''Rey de Castilla, León y de toda Andalucía'' ("King of Castile, León and all of Andalusia").
# To designate the territories the Christians had regained by that time in the Guadalquivir valley until that date (the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Jaén|Jaén]], [[Kingdom of Córdoba|Córdoba]] and [[Kingdom of Seville|Seville]] – the Kingdom of Granada was incorporated in 1492). This was the most common significance in the [[Late Middle Ages]] and [[Early modern period]].<ref name="laidentidadandaluza">{{cite book |last=Domínguez Ortiz |first=Antonio |title=La identidad andaluza |year=1976 |language=es |publisher=Universidad de Granada |location=Granada Puzada}}</ref>

From an administrative point of view, Granada remained separate for many years even after the completion of the ''Reconquista''<ref name="laidentidadandaluza" /> due, above all, to its emblematic character as the last territory regained, and as the seat of the important [[Audiencia Real|Real Chancillería de Granada]], a [[court of last resort]]. Still, the reconquest and repopulation of Granada was accomplished largely by people from the three preexisting Christian kingdoms of Andalusia, and Granada came to be considered a fourth kingdom of Andalusia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ladero Quesada |first=Miguel Ángel |title=Sobre la génesis de la identidad andaluza. Andalucía entre Oriente y Occidente (1236–1492) |language=es |year=1867 |publisher=Córdoba (Diputación Provincial) Actas del V Coloquio de Historia Medieval de Andalucía}}</ref> The often-used expression "[[Four Kingdoms of Andalusia]]" dates back in Spanish at least to the mid-18th century.<ref>For example, [[Pablo de Olavide]] was ''Intendente del Ejército de los cuatro reinos de Andalucía'', "[[Intendant]] of the Army of the four kingdoms of Andalusia". [http://www.fundaciones.upo.es/municipios/biografia.htm Biografía] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101234600/http://www.fundaciones.upo.es/municipios/biografia.htm |date=1 January 2010 }}, Fundación Pablo de Olavide. Retrieved 7 December 2009.</ref><ref>In Gelo del Cabildo's 1751 ''Respuestas generales'', part of the write-up of the census [[Catastro of Ensenada]], José María de Mendoza y Guzmán is described as ''visitador general'' of the ''Rentas Provinciales de los cuatro Reinos de Andalucía''. See [http://pares.mcu.es/Catastro/ the digitization of the relevant document] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513032901/http://pares.mcu.es/Catastro/ |date=13 May 2007 }} on the site of the Spanish Ministry of Culture. Enter "Gelo" in the search box "Buscador Localidades" and look at image number 3. <!-- Access date unspecified; inaccessible 2009-12-06 --></ref>