Editing Ancient university (section)

==Foundation and development==

The surviving ancient universities in [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] are, in order of formation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Name !! Nation of Founding !! Location !! Notes
|- valign="top"
| 1096
| [[University of Oxford]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kingdom of England]]
| [[Oxford]], England
| Oxford's official website says, "There is no clear date of foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] banned English students from attending the [[University of Paris]]."<ref>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief_history_of_the_university/index.html A brief history of the University of Oxford] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411014607/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief_history_of_the_university/index.html |date=2008-04-11 }}, [[Oxford University]]</ref>  Teaching suspended in 1209 (due to town execution of two scholars) and 1355 (due to the [[St Scholastica riot]]).
|- valign="top"
| 1209
| [[University of Cambridge]]
| [[Cambridge]], England
| Founded by scholars leaving [[Oxford]] after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209. It was generally recognized as a ''[[studium generale]]'' by the late 13th century and this was either confirmed or formally granted by a [[Papal bull]] in 1318.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zorDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|title=The Medieval English Universities: Oxford and Cambridge to C. 1500|author=Alan B. Cobban|pages=58, 59|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=5 July 2017|isbn=9781351885805}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OMGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|pages=162–170|title=Law as Profession and Practice in Medieval Europe: Essays in Honor of James A. Brundage|editor1=Kenneth Pennington|editor2=Melodie Harris Eichbauer|publisher=Routledge|date=15 April 2016|chapter=When did Cambridge become a ''studium generale''|author=Patrick Zutshi|isbn=9781317107682}}</ref> 
|- valign="top"
| 1413
| [[University of St Andrews]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Kingdom of Scotland]]
| [[St Andrews]], Scotland
| Founded by a [[papal bull]] building on earlier bodies established between 1410 and 1413, but officially recognized in 1413<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jobson Lyon |first=Charles |title=The History of St. Andrews, Ancient and Modern |publisher=BiblioLife |year=2009 |isbn=978-1103782949 |pages=68}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| 1451
| [[University of Glasgow]]
| [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| Founded by a [[papal bull]] of Pope Nicholas V<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devine |first=Thomas |title=Glasgow: Beginnings to 1830 |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780719036910 |pages=3}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
| 1495
| [[University of Aberdeen]]
| [[Aberdeen]], Scotland
| [[King's College, Aberdeen|King's College]] was founded in 1495 by [[papal bull]] and [[Marischal College]] in 1593; they merged in 1860
|- valign="top"
| 1582
| [[University of Edinburgh]]
| [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| Established by the town council under the authority of a [[royal charter]] granted by [[James VI]]
|- valign="top"
| 1592
| [[University of Dublin]]
| [[Kingdom of Ireland]]
| [[Dublin]], Ireland
| Founded by charter of Queen Elizabeth I; [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meenan |first=James |date=May 30, 1946 |title="The Universities." II.—The University of Dublin: Trinity College |url=http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/5699/1/jssisiVolXVII594_610.pdf |website=TARA - Trinity College Dublin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmanreader.org/works/historical/volume3/universities/chapter17.html |title=Rise & Progress of Universities – Chapter 17 |publisher=Newman Reader |access-date=2012-02-17}}</ref> is the only constituent college of the university
|-
|}

In the middle ages, universities followed the [[canonical hours]] of the church. As the masters in the arts faculty would often also be students in one of the higher faculties, universities used these canonical hours to define periods when the compulsory lectures in the different facilities were given in order to prevent timetable clashes. At Cambridge, for example, only the canon lawyers could lecture between ''[[Prime (liturgy)|prime]]'' (dawn) and ''[[Nones (liturgy)|nones]]'' (mid afternoon).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pedersen |first=Olaf |title=The First Universities |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0521594318 |pages=252–253}}</ref> In the morning, there were lectures offered by [[regent master]]s on standard texts that they wanted to lecture. Then in the afternoon there would be advanced bachelors that would give lectures that reviews the material learned that morning. Also in the afternoon, the junior masters would discuss about other books of mathematical science or natural philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lindberg |first1=David |last2=Shank |first2=Michael |date=2013 |title=The Cambridge History of Science |chapter=Medieval Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=2 |pages=222–223 |doi=10.1017/CHO9780511974007 |isbn=978-0-511-97400-7 }}</ref>