Editing Anarcho-punk (section)

== History ==
[[Image:Crass pete steve andy.png|300px|thumb|[[Crass]], shown here in 1984, played a major role in introducing anarchism to the punk subculture.]]

=== Before 1977 ===
Some members of the 1960s [[protopunk]] bands such as the [[MC5]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.furious.com/perfect/MC5/benedmonds.html |title=MC5 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> [[The Fugs]], [[Hawkwind]], and the [[Edgar Broughton Band]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.artistcamp.com/edgar-broughton-band/demons-at-the-beeb/682970000206/index.html |title=Edgar Broughton Band |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> had new left or anarchist ideology. These bands set a precedent for mixing radical politics with rock music and established the idea of rock as an agent of social and political change in the public consciousness. Other precursors to anarcho-punk include avant-garde art and political movements such as [[Fluxus]], [[Dada]], the [[Beat generation]], England's [[angry young men]] (such as [[Joe Orton]]), the [[surrealism]]-inspired [[Situationist International]], the [[May 1968 in France|May 1968]] uprising in Paris, and the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]]. [[Jello Biafra]] of the [[Dead Kennedys]] has cited the [[Youth International Party|Yippies]] as an influence on his activism and thinking.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Vander Molen |first=Jodi |url=http://www.progressive.org/mag_intvbiafra |title=Jello Biafra Interview |magazine=[[The Progressive]] |date=February 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Colurso |first=Mary |date=29 June 2007 |url=http://blog.al.com/mcolurso/2007/06/jello_biafra_can_ruffle_feathe.html |title=Jello Biafra can ruffle feathers |work=[[The Birmingham News]]}}</ref>

=== Post 1977 ===
A surge of popular interest in [[anarchism]] occurred during the 1970s in the [[United Kingdom]] following the birth of [[punk rock]], in particular the [[Situationist International|Situationist]]-influenced graphics of [[Sex Pistols]] artist [[Jamie Reid]], as well as that band's first single, "[[Anarchy in the U.K.]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cross |first=Rich |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mp/9460447.0004.203/--there-is-no-authority-but-yourself-the-individual?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title="There Is No Authority But Yourself": The Individual and the Collective in British Anarcho-Punk |journal=[[Music and Politics]] |year=2010 |issue=2 |doi=10.3998/mp.9460447.0004.203 |access-date=15 March 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Crass]] and the [[Poison Girls]] funded the rented [[Wapping Autonomy Centre]] with a benefit single and this then inspired other squatted [[self-managed social centre]]s in London such as the [[Ambulance Station, Southwark|Ambulance Station]] on Old Kent Road, [[Centro Iberico]], Molly's Café on Upper Street and the Bingo Hall opposite [[Highbury & Islington]] station (now the [[The Garage, London|Garage]]).<ref name="bergcentres">{{cite book |last=Berger |first=George |title=The story of Crass |location=London |publisher=Omnibus Press |year=2006 |page=193 |isbn=1-84609-402-X}}</ref> The concept (and aesthetics) of anarcho-punk was quickly picked up on by bands like [[Flux of Pink Indians]], [[Subhumans (UK band)|Subhumans]] and [[Conflict (band)|Conflict]].<ref name="berger">{{harvp|Berger|2006|pp=67–68}}</ref>

The early 1980s saw the emergence of the [[Leeds]] anarcho-punk scene with groups like [[Abrasive Wheels]], [[The Expelled]] and [[Icon A.D.]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glasper |first1=Ian |title=Burning Britain: The History of UK Punk 1980–1984 |date=22 January 2024 |publisher=[[Cherry Red Records|Cherry Red Books]] |pages=165 |isbn=978-1901447248}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABRASIVE WHEELS |date=9 March 2012 |url=https://nostalgiacentral.com/music/artists-a-to-k/artists-a/abrasive-wheels/ |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Glasper |first1=Ian |title=The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980–1984 |date=22 January 2024 |publisher=[[PM Press]] |pages=385 |isbn=978-1604865165}}</ref> From this scene came [[Chumbawamba]], whose emphasis on confrontational political activism soon overtook their connection to the scene. Despite their anti-corporate views, the group signed to [[EMI]], leading to their 1997 single "[[Tubthumping]]" reaching number 2 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref name="The City Talking">{{cite AV media |title=Music in Leeds vol.3 |url=https://the-dots.com/projects/music-in-leeds-vol-i-iii-170479 |access-date=7 March 2020 |publisher=The City Talking}}</ref>

Pioneering [[crust punk]] bands [[Antisect]], [[Anti System]], [[Sacrilege (band)|Sacrilege]] and [[Amebix]] all began in the anarcho-punk scene, before incorporating their anarchist lyrical themes with elements of early [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]].<ref name="Rise of Crust">{{cite web |last=Von Havoc |first=Felix |title=Rise of Crust |publisher=Profane Existence |date=1 January 1984 |url=http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615163312/http://www.havocrex.com/press/article/3/83 |archive-date=15 June 2008}}</ref> Early British [[grindcore]] bands like [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]], [[Napalm Death]] and [[Extreme Noise Terror]] were primarily a part of the 1980s anarcho-punk scene, however began embracing elements of [[extreme metal]] and American [[thrashcore]].<ref name="Glasper 2009, p. 11">Glasper 2009, p. 11</ref>

==== United States ====
Anarcho-punk spread to the United States in the late 1970s with groups like Austin's [[MDC (band)|MDC]] and San Francisco's [[Dead Kennedys]]. Los Angeles' [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] also embraced anarchists politics between 1982 and 1986, when [[Henry Rollins]] was their vocalist.<ref name="Sartwell" /> United States anarcho-punk generally supported revolutions in Latin America and anti-[[Apartheid]] movements and criticised the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=David |title=Rebel music in the triumphant empire: punk rock in the 1990s United States |date=2020 |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0197534885 |page=7}}</ref>

In the 1980s, New York City cultivated a thriving anarcho-punk scene. Beginning as a part of the larger [[New York hardcore]] scene, bands like [[Reagan Youth]], [[False Prophets (band)|False Prophets]] and [[Heart Attack (band)|Heart Attack]]<ref name="Rettman 2015, p219" /> made use of a similar musical style and mentality to their British counterparts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=NYHC : New York Hardcore 1980-1990 |date=2015 |location=Brooklyn, NY |isbn=9781935950127 |page=221 |quote=Todd Youth: The whole peace-punk political thing didn't have anything to do with our world. They were all trying to be British peace-punk bands and do the Crass-type thing.}}</ref> This scene split from New York hardcore as the decade progressed.<ref name="Rettman 2015, p219">{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=NYHC : New York Hardcore 1980-1990 |date=2015 |location=Brooklyn, NY |isbn=9781935950127 |page=219 |quote=Steve Wishnia: At some point there was a split between what would be considered the peace punks - us, Reagan Youth, Heart Attack, No Thanks, A.P.P.L.E - and the skinhead bands like Cro-Mags and Agnostic Front.}}</ref> [[Nausea (band)|Nausea]] were a key figure in the scene during this period, helping to cultivate a new scene in the city based around politics and squatting.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rettman |first1=Tony |title=NYHC : New York Hardcore 1980-1990 |date=2015 |location=Brooklyn, NY |isbn=9781935950127 |page=222 |quote=Nausea was definitely a catalyst in 1985 for forging an alternative to the CBGB hardcore matinees. Their brand of highly politically charged punk had antecedents in NYC with documented groups like False Prophets and Reagan Youth, and the unknown ones like Sacrilege and Counterforce. But Nausea had a connection to the squatter movement that spoke to people who felt disconnected from the NYHC scene of the day.}}</ref>

In the 2000s, American anarcho-punk groups like [[Anti-Flag]] and [[Against Me]] gained significant mainstream success for the genre.<ref name="Sartwell" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Biel |first1=Joe |title=Good Trouble. |date=2016 |publisher=Microcosm Publishing |isbn=978-1621062158}}</ref>