Editing Anapsid (section)

==Anapsids and the turtles==
[[File:Caretta carettaZZ.jpg|thumb|left|Anapsid skull of ''[[Caretta caretta]]'' (loggerhead sea turtle), a testudine]]While "anapsid reptiles" or "Anapsida" were traditionally spoken of as if they were a [[monophyletic]] group, it has been suggested that several groups of reptiles that had anapsid skulls might be only distantly related. Scientists still debate the exact relationship between the basal (original) reptiles that first appeared in the late [[Carboniferous]], the various [[Permian]] reptiles that had anapsid skulls, and the [[Testudines]] ([[turtle]]s, [[tortoise]]s, and [[terrapin]]s). However, it was later suggested that the anapsid-like turtle skull is due to [[Evolutionary biology|reversion]] rather than to anapsid descent. The majority of modern paleontologists believe that the Testudines are descended from [[diapsid]] reptiles that lost their temporal fenestrae. More recent morphological [[phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] studies with this in mind placed turtles firmly within diapsids,<ref name=debraga&rieppel1997>{{cite journal | last1 = deBraga | first1 = M. | last2 = Rieppel | first2 = O. | year = 1997 | title = Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles | url = https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-pdf/120/3/281/16872152/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x.pdf| journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 120 | issue = 3| pages = 281–354 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Parareptilia1>{{cite journal |first1=Linda A. |last1=Tsuji |first2=Johannes |last2=Muller |year=2009 |title=Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade |journal=Fossil Record |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=71–81 |doi=10.1002/mmng.200800011|doi-access=free |bibcode=2009FossR..12...71T }}</ref><ref name=Parareptilia2>{{cite journal |first1=Marcello |last1=Ruta |first2=Juan C. |last2=Cisneros |first3=Torsten |last3=Liebrect |first4=Linda A. |last4=Tsuji |first5=Johannes |last5=Muller |year=2011 |title=Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction |journal=Palaeontology |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=1117–1137 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x |s2cid=83693335 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Palgy..54.1117R }}</ref><ref name="Evans2009">{{Cite journal|first=Susan E. |last=Evans|year=2009|title=An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland|journal=Paleontologica Polonica|volume=65|pages=145–178|url=http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_145-178.pdf}}.</ref><ref name="Borsuk−Białynicka2009">{{Cite journal|first1=Magdalena |last1=Borsuk−Białynicka |first2=Susan E. |last2=Evans|year=2009|title=A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland|journal=Paleontologica Polonica|volume=65|pages=203–234|url=http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/PP65/PP65_203-234.pdf}}</ref> or, more commonly, within [[Archelosauria]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|last1=Field|first1=Daniel J.|last2=Gauthier|first2=Jacques A.|last3=King|first3=Benjamin L.|last4=Pisani|first4=Davide|last5=Lyson|first5=Tyler R.|last6=Peterson|first6=Kevin J.|date=July 2014|title=Toward consilience in reptile phylogeny: miRNAs support an archosaur, not lepidosaur, affinity for turtles: Reptile phylogeny from miRNAs|journal=Evolution & Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=189–196|doi=10.1111/ede.12081|pmc=4215941|pmid=24798503}}</ref>