Editing Anaphase (section)

== Phases ==
Anaphase is characterized by two distinct motions. The first of these, anaphase A, moves chromosomes to either pole of a dividing cell (marked by [[centrosome]]s, from which mitotic microtubules are generated and organised). The movement for this is primarily generated by the action of kinetochores, and a subclass of microtubule called kinetochore microtubules.

The second motion, anaphase B, involves the separation of these poles from each other. The movement for this is primarily generated by the action of interpolar microtubules and astral microtubules.

=== Anaphase A ===
A combination of different forces have been observed acting on chromatids in anaphase A, but the primary force is exerted centrally. Microtubules attach to the midpoint of chromosomes (the [[centromere]]) via protein complexes ([[kinetochore]]s). The attached microtubules depolymerise and shorten, which together with motor proteins creates movement that pulls chromosomes towards centrosomes located at each pole of the cell.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Asbury CL | title = Anaphase A: Disassembling Microtubules Move Chromosomes toward Spindle Poles | journal = Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 15 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28218660 | pmc = 5372008 | doi = 10.3390/biology6010015 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Anaphase B ===
The second part of anaphase is driven by its own distinct mechanisms. Force is generated by several actions. Interpolar microtubules begin at each centrosome and join at the equator of the dividing cell. They push against one another, causing each centrosome to move further apart. Meanwhile, astral microtubules begin at each centrosome and join with the cell membrane. This allows them to pull each centrosome closer to the cell membrane. Movement created by these microtubules is generated by a combination of microtubule growth or shrinking, and by motor proteins such as [[dynein]]s or [[kinesin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scholey JM, Civelekoglu-Scholey G, Brust-Mascher I | title = Anaphase B | journal = Biology | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 51 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27941648 | pmc = 5192431 | doi = 10.3390/biology5040051 | doi-access = free }}</ref>