Editing Amputation (section)

==Types==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2021}}

=== Leg ===
Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of [[toe|digits]]. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations. Common partial foot amputations include the [[François Chopart|Chopart]], [[Tarsometatarsal articulations|Lisfranc]], and ray amputations.

Common forms of ankle [[disarticulation]]s include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pinzur MS, Stuck RM, Sage R, Hunt N, Rabinovich Z | title = Syme ankle disarticulation in patients with diabetes | journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume | volume = 85 | issue = 9 | pages = 1667–72 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12954823 | doi = 10.2106/00004623-200309000-00003 }}</ref> A less common major amputation is the [[Van Nes rotation]], or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and [[replantation|reattachment]] of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee.

Types of amputations include:
[[File:Diagram showing an above knee amputation CRUK 094.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|An above-knee amputation]]
; partial foot amputation: amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint
; ankle disarticulation: amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint
; {{anchor|BTK}}trans-tibial amputation: amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation
; {{anchor|BKA}}knee disarticulation: amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint
; trans-femoral amputation: amputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation
; hip disarticulation: amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint
; trans-pelvic disarticulation: amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a [[hemipelvectomy]] or hindquarter amputation

===Arm===
[[File:Amputations 18c.jpg|thumb|250px|The 18th century guide to amputations]]Types of upper extremity amputations include:
* partial hand amputation
* wrist disarticulation
* trans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation
* elbow disarticulation
* trans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation
* shoulder disarticulation
* [[forequarter amputation]]
A variant of the trans-radial amputation is the [[Krukenberg procedure]] in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action.

===Other===
[[File:Index finger amputation.jpg|thumb|Partial amputation of [[index finger]]]]
* Facial amputations include but are not limited to:
** amputation of the ears
** amputation of the nose ([[rhinotomy]])
** amputation of the tongue ([[glossectomy]])
** amputation of the eyes ([[enucleation of the eye|enucleation]])
** amputation of the teeth ([[Dental evulsion]]). Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the [[Iberomaurusian]] culture of [[Prehistoric Central North Africa|Neolithic North Africa]]).
* Breasts:
** amputation of the breasts ([[mastectomy]])
* [[Genitals]]:
** amputation of the testicles ([[castration]])
** amputation of the penis ([[penectomy]])
** amputation of the [[foreskin]] ([[circumcision]])
** amputation of the clitoris ([[clitoridectomy]])
** amputation of the vulva ([[vulvectomy]])
* Radicals:
** Amputation of the waist ([[hemicorporectomy]])
** Amputation of the head ([[decapitation]])

[[Genital modification and mutilation]] may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease.

[[Laryngectomy]] is the amputation of the larynx.

===Self-amputation===
{{See also|Autotomy|Body integrity identity disorder}}

In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated their own limb. The most notable case of this is [[Aron Ralston]], a hiker who had amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ransom |first=Cliff |date=24 July 2003 |title=Did Climber Have to Cut Off Arm to Save Life? |work=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/climber-ralston-amputate-arm-utah/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010831/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2003/07/climber-ralston-amputate-arm-utah/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 6, 2019 |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>

[[Body integrity identity disorder]] is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb.  In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müller |first=Sabine |date=2009-01-05 |title=Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID)—Is the Amputation of Healthy Limbs Ethically Justified? |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15265160802588194 |journal=The American Journal of Bioethics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=36–43 |doi=10.1080/15265160802588194 |pmid=19132621 |issn=1526-5161}}</ref>

===Urgent===
In [[surgery]], a '''guillotine amputation''' is an amputation performed without closure of the skin in an urgent setting.<ref name=GuilAnk>{{cite journal|last1=Panchbhavi|first1=Vinod K|title=Guillotine Ankle Amputation|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894411-overview|website=Medscape|date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Typical indications include catastrophic trauma or infection control in the setting of [[infected gangrene]].<ref name=GuilAnk/> A guillotine amputation is typically followed by a more time-consuming, definitive amputation such as an [[above knee amputation|above or below knee amputation]].<ref name=GuilAnk/>