Editing Amite County, Mississippi (section)

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2022}}
Amite County was established in February 1809 from the eastern portion of [[Wilkinson County, Mississippi|Wilkinson County]]. It was named after the [[Amite River]]. French explorers had named the latter for the friendly (''amitié'' in French) indigenous [[Houma people]] they encountered in the region.<ref name="Huff Nunnery 2009">{{cite book|last1=Huff|first1=Robert Glen|last2=Nunnery|first2=Hattie Pearl|title=Amite County & Liberty, Mississippi: Celebrating 200 Years|date=2009|publisher=Donning Co.|location=Virginia Beach, VA|isbn=978-1-57864-547-3}}</ref>

The legislation that established the county authorized the appointment of five commissioners to find a site for the county seat, near the county's center and near a good spring; its name was to be Liberty. At this time, the total population of the county numbered about 4000 people, about 80% of whom were middle-class families of seventeenth-century Virginia stock who had gradually migrated through other frontier states. Primary religious groups were all Protestant, including [[Baptists]], [[Presbyterians]], and [[Methodists]].

Completed in 1840, the courthouse in Liberty is the oldest courthouse in Mississippi in continuous use.<ref name="Huff Nunnery 2009" /> Liberty eventually became the county's justice and business center. The county economy was based on timber from [[longleaf pine]] and the cultivation of commodity crops of cotton, [[indigo]], and tobacco, usually on plantations worked by [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] African Americans. Given the reliance of planters on labor-intensive crops such as tobacco and cotton, the county soon had a majority population of enslaved African Americans. Even in the antebellum period, the county seat attracted entertainers and lecturers on tour. In the 1850s, Liberty hosted opera singer [[Jenny Lind]], known as the "Swedish Nightingale," at the Walsh building.

In 1861, the state legislature called a convention to vote on [[secession]] from the United States. David Hurst, the delegate from Amite County, voted against secession, but the majority of the state's delegates voted for it.<ref name="Huff Nunnery 2009" /> Led by South Carolina, the largest slave-owning states were the first in the South to secede. Mississippi voted to join the [[Confederate States of America]]. During the Civil War, Captain [[George H. Tichenor]] married Margaret Anne Drane at the Liberty Baptist Church; Tichenor developed an antiseptic to treat wounds suffered by soldiers in the war.<ref name="Huff Nunnery 2009" /> By the end of the war, 279 men from Amite County had died for the Confederate cause. Amite County was not in a theater of war.

[[File:Amite Female Seminary, commonly known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse.jpg|left|thumb|Amite Female Seminary, commonly known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse," established in 1853]]

A raiding party of Union [[cavalry]], under the command of [[Colonel Benjamin Grierson]], is known to have camped in the county nine miles east of [[Liberty, Mississippi|Liberty]] on the evening of April 28, 1863, while conducting a [[Grierson's Raid|deep penetration raid]] as part of the [[Vicksburg Campaign]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grabau|first1=Warren|title=Ninety-Eight Days: A Geographer's View of the Vicksburg Campaign|date=2000|publisher=University of Tennessee|location=Knoxville|isbn=1-57233-068-6|page=116}}</ref> As part of that raid, Union forces pillaged many homes and plantations. Most of the buildings of the Amite Female Seminary, with 13 pianos, were burnt; one building was spared, the small Mary Van Norman Ratcliff Building, commonly known as the "Little Red Schoolhouse."

At the end of the Civil War, Amite County's population was 60% African American. During Reconstruction, [[freedmen]] elected several African Americans to local office as county sheriff.<ref name="MSproj"/> After Reconstruction, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature through a combination of violent [[voter repression]] and fraud. They [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era|disenfranchised]] most African Americans and many poor whites in the state by the new 1890 state constitution, which imposed a [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]], literacy tests, and other requirements as barriers to voter registration. These were administered by whites in a discriminatory way. Most black voters and many poor whites were dropped from the voter rolls.

===20th century to present===
Racial violence, including [[lynchings]], escalated during the [[Jim Crow]] years.<ref name="MSproj">[http://mscivilrightsproject.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=988&Itemid=3043 "Amite County"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026095618/http://mscivilrightsproject.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=988&Itemid=3043 |date=October 26, 2014 }}, Mississippi Civil Rights Project. Retrieved March 16, 2014</ref> The county had 14 documented lynchings in the period from 1877 to 1950; most took place around the turn of the century when disenfranchisement and imposition of Jim Crow was underway.<ref name="eji">[https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-second-edition-supplement-by-county.pdf ''Lynching in America'', 2nd edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627005306/https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-second-edition-supplement-by-county.pdf |date=June 27, 2018 }}, Supplement by County, p. 4</ref>

Blacks were excluded from the political process in the county and state until the late 1960s. African Americans were a majority in the state until the 1930s but excluded from voting, they were also excluded from juries and the entire political system.

The county continued to be based on agriculture, with cotton the basis of the economy into the 1930s. A [[boll weevil]] invasion damaged many cotton crops. Planters shifted to logging and dairy farming in the 1930s, during the Great Depression.

As agriculture was mechanized, reducing the need for farm labor, many blacks left Amite County during the first half of the 20th century in two waves of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]]. In the first wave, before World War II, many moved north to Chicago and other industrial cities of the Midwest. In the second wave, they moved to the West Coast, where the burgeoning defense industry created jobs before, during, and after the war. From 1940 to 1960, the county population declined by 29%, as can be seen on the census tables below. Some rural whites also left the county for industrialized cities.

In the 1950s, local farmer E.W. Steptoe founded a chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] ([[NAACP]]) in the county. [[Herbert Lee (activist)|Herbert Lee]], a married farmer with nine children, was among its charter members. They were working to regain constitutional civil rights, including the ability to vote. In the summer of 1961, [[Bob Moses (activist)|Bob Moses]] from the [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] worked in the county to organize African Americans for voter registration. He was beaten by Bill Caston, a cousin to the sheriff, near the county courthouse, and arrested. He was told to leave the county for his own safety.<ref name="murder">[http://mscivilrightsproject.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26:the-murder-of-herbert-lee-and-louis-allen&catid=28:event&Itemid=8 "Murder of Herbert Lee and Louis Allen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313231944/http://mscivilrightsproject.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26:the-murder-of-herbert-lee-and-louis-allen&catid=28:event&Itemid=8 |date=March 13, 2014 }}, Amite County, Mississippi Civil Rights Project. Retrieved March 16, 2014.</ref> In the 1960s, only one African American of the total of 5,500 in Amite County was a registered voter. Even after the [[Voting Rights Act]] was passed in 1965, extensive grassroots efforts were required to register eligible voters.<ref name="MSproj"/>

Racial violence against blacks in the county escalated during the years of the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. On September 25, 1961, at the Westbrook Cotton Gin, about a dozen witnesses, both white and black, saw [[E.H. Hurst]], a white state legislator, murder Herbert Lee in broad daylight. At the inquest that day, Hurst claimed self-defense and witnesses, intimidated by the armed white men in the courtroom, supported him. Learning that the federal government might hold a grand jury in the case, [[Louis Allen]], an African-American veteran of World War II and witness to Lee's murder, talked to the FBI to try to gain protection if he were to testify truthfully to what he saw. They said they could not help him. Whites suspected he had talked with the FBI and began to harass him.<ref name="MSproj"/>

Allen's business was boycotted by whites, and the veteran was beaten and arrested more than once by the county sheriff. He stayed in the area to help his aging parents, but planned to leave. On January 31, 1964, he was shot and killed on his land. No one was ever prosecuted for Allen's death. Investigations since 1994 suggest that Allen was killed by Daniel (Danny) Jones, the county sheriff and son of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]'s leader in the county.<ref name="cbs60">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cold-case-the-murder-of-louis-allen-15-04-2011/ Cold case: "The murder of Louis Allen"], ''60&nbsp;Minutes'' (CBS), April 10, 2011</ref> Danny Jones was featured as a likely perpetrator in the Allen case in a 2011 episode of ''60 Minutes'' focusing on civil rights cold cases, but he denied an interview. He died in 2013.<ref name="EJ1">[https://enterprise-journal.newspapers.com/article/enterprise-journal-obituary-for-daniel-b/59141239/ Obituary for Daniel Bryant Jones, 1930-2013 (Aged 83)] ''Enterprise-Journal'', July 28, 2013</ref>

Following the repression of the civil rights era and a continuing poor economy, younger African Americans continued to leave the county, seeking jobs in bigger cities. The population declined more than 11 percent from 1960 to 1970, and further declines occurred to 1980 (see census tables below.) Because of the murders of Lee and Allen, voter registration efforts had stopped in the early 1960s. African Americans did not register until after passage of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]], which provided federal protection and oversight. Today the county is majority white in population.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

On October 20, 1977, a rental plane carrying members of the band [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] from [[Greenville, South Carolina]], to [[Louisiana State University|LSU]] in [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], was low on fuel and [[Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash|crashed in a swamp]] in Amite County.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/LynyrdSkynyrd-N55VM.htm|title=Lynyrd Skynyrd's Crash|website=Check-six.com|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref>

Noted historic sites listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] include the Amite County Courthouse and the Westbrook Cotton Gin, the only one surviving of seven in the county. In addition, 19th-century plantation houses and the [[Liberty Presbyterian Church|Liberty]] and [[Bethany Presbyterian Church|Bethany Presbyterian]] churches are listed on the Register.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}