Editing Amazon river dolphin (section)

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Inia.png|thumb|An Amazon river dolphin as depicted in ''[[Brehms Tierleben]]'', 1860s]]
The species ''Inia geoffrensis'' was described by [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]] in 1817. Originally, the Amazon river dolphin belonged to the superfamily [[Platanistoidea]], which constituted all river dolphins, making them [[paraphyletic|a paraphyletic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53258|author =The Paleobiology database|title=Superfamily Platanistoidea|work=fossilworks|access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> Today, however, the Amazon river dolphin has been reclassified into the superfamily [[Inioidea]].<ref name=deeAnn/> There is no consensus on when and how their ancestral species penetrated the Amazon basin; they may have done so during the [[Miocene]] from the Pacific Ocean, before the formation of the [[Andes]], or from the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=Hamilton/><ref name=bebej>{{cite web|last1=Bebej|first1=Ryan|title=''Inia geoffrensis'' (Amazon river dolphin)|url=http://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Inia_geoffrensis.html|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en|date=2006|access-date=11 August 2017}}</ref>

There is ongoing debate about the classification of species and subspecies. The IUCN and Committee on Taxonomy of the [[Society for Marine Mammalogy]] recognize two subspecies: ''I. g. geoffrensis'' (Amazon river dolphin) and ''I. g. boliviensis'' (Bolivian river dolphin).<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name=":0"/> A third proposed subspecies, ''I. g. humboldtiana'' (Orinoco river dolphin),<ref name=deeAnn/> was first described in 1977.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pilleri|first1=George|last2=Gihr|first2=Margarethe|date=1977|title=Observations on the Bolivian (''Inia boliviensis'' D'orbigny, 1834) and the Amazonian Bufeo (''Inia geoffrensis'' de Blainville, 1817) with Description of a New Subspecies (''Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana'')|journal=Investigations on Cetacea|volume=8|pages=11–76}}</ref> Molecular analysis suggests that the Orinoco dolphins are derived from the Amazon population and are not genetically distinct. Comparative morphological research also indicates that ''I. g. humboldtiana'' is not distinguishable from ''I. g. geoffrensis''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Trujillo|first1=F.|last2=Crespo|first2=E.|last3=Van Damme|first3=P.A.|last4=Usma|first4=J.S.|title=The Action Plan for South American River Dolphins 2010 – 2020|date=2010|publisher=WWF, Fundación Omacha, WDS, WDCS, Solamac|location=Bogotá, D.C., Colombia|pages=22–25}}</ref> However, Cañizales (2020) found that ''I. g. humboldtiana'' skulls were morphologically distinct and recommended that it be elevated to species status.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cañizales|first=Israel|date=2020-10-27|title=Morphology of the skull of ''Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana'' Pilleri & Gihr, 1977 (Cetacea: Iniidae): A morphometric and taxonomic analysis|journal=Graellsia|language=en|volume=76|issue=1|doi=10.3989/graellsia.2020.v76.253|s2cid=228995991 |issn=0367-5041}}</ref>

In 1994, it was proposed that ''I. g. boliviensis'' was a different species based on skull morphology.<ref name="Martinez-Aguero" /> In 2002, following the analysis of mitochondrial DNA specimens from the Orinoco basin, the [[Putumayo River]] (tributary of the Amazon) and the Tijamuchy and Ipurupuru rivers, geneticists proposed that genus ''Inia'' be divided into at least two evolutionary lineages: one restricted to the river basins of Bolivia and the other widely distributed in the Orinoco and Amazon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Banguera-Hinestroza|first1=E|last2=Cardenas|first2=H|last3=Ruiz-García|first3=M|last4=Marmontel|first4=M|last5=Gaitan |first5=E|last6=Vazquez Garcia-Vallejo|first6=F|year=2002|title=Molecular identification of evolutionarily significant units in the Amazon River dolphin ''Inia'' sp. (Cetacea: Iniidae)|volume=93 |issue=5|pages=312–322|doi=10.1093/jhered/93.5.312|pmid=12547919|journal=Journal of Heredity|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Perrin|first1=William|last2=Würsig|first2=Bernd|last3=Thewissen|first3=J.G.M.|year=2002|chapter=Amazon River Dolphin|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamari00perr_990|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamari00perr_990/page/n32 26]–28|publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-373553-9}}</ref> A recent study, with more comprehensive sampling of the Madeira system, including above and below the Teotonio Rapids (which were thought to obstruct gene flow), found that the ''Inia'' above the rapids did not possess unique [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gravena|first1=Waleska|last2=Farias|first2=Izeni P.|last3=Silva|first3=Maria N. F. da|last4=Silva|first4=Vera M. F. da|last5=Hrbek|first5=Tomas|date=2014-06-01|title=Looking to the past and the future: were the Madeira River rapids a geographical barrier to the boto (Cetacea: Iniidae)?|journal=Conservation Genetics|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=619–629|doi=10.1007/s10592-014-0565-4|bibcode=2014ConG...15..619G |s2cid=14569447|issn=1566-0621}}</ref> As such the species level distinction once held is not supported by current results. Therefore, the Bolivian river dolphin is currently recognized as a subspecies. In addition, a 2014 study identifies a third species in the Araguaia-Tocantins basin,<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or: How Little Do We Know Our Biodiversity|journal = PLOS ONE|date = 2014-01-22|pmc = 3898917|pmid = 24465386|pages = e83623|volume = 9|issue = 1|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0083623|first1 = Tomas|last1 = Hrbek|first2 = Vera Maria Ferreira|last2 = da Silva|first3 = Nicole|last3 = Dutra|first4 = Waleska|last4 = Gravena|first5 = Anthony R.|last5 = Martin|first6 = Izeni Pires|last6 = Farias|bibcode = 2014PLoSO...983623H|doi-access = free}}</ref> but this designation is not recognized by any international organization and the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy suggests this analysis is not persuasive.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.marinemammalscience.org/species-information/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/|title=List of Marine Mammal Species and Subspecies - Society for Marine Mammalogy|website=www.marinemammalscience.org|date=13 November 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>

===Subspecies===
[[File:Dauphinrose bolivie.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolivian river dolphin]] is a subspecies of ''Inia geoffrensis'']]
''Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis''<ref name=deeAnn>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Don|last2=Reeder|first2=DeeAnn|year=2005|access-date=22 November 2015|title=Mammal Species of the World|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YnYED-YG0ZYC|volume=2|page=738|publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0}}</ref> inhabits most of the Amazon River, including rivers [[Tocantins river|Tocantins]], [[Araguaia river|Araguaia]], low [[Xingu River|Xingu]] and [[Tapajos River|Tapajos]], the [[Madeira River|Madeira]] to the rapids of [[Porto Velho]], and rivers [[Purus River|Purus]], [[Juruá River|Yurua]], [[Ica River|Ica]], [[Caqueta River|Caqueta]], [[Branco River|Branco]], and the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] through the channel of [[Casiquiare]] to [[San Fernando de Atabapo]] in the Orinoco river, including its tributary: the [[Guaviare River|Guaviare]].

''Inia geoffrensis boliviensis''<ref name="deeAnn" /> has populations in the upper reaches of the [[Madeira River]], upstream of the rapids of Teotonio, in Bolivia. It is confined to the [[Mamore River]] and its main tributary, the [[Iténez River|Iténez]].<ref name="Silva">{{cite web|title=The status of the Amazon River dolphin (Blainville, 1817): a review of available information|last1=Da Silva|first1=V.|last2=Martin|first2=AR.|year=2000|work=International Whaling Commission}}</ref>

''Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana''<ref name="deeAnn" /> are located in the Orinoco River basin, including the [[Apure River|Apure]] and [[Meta River|Meta]] rivers. This subspecies is restricted, at least during the dry season, to the waterfalls of Rio Negro rapids in the Orinoco between {{ill|Puerto Samariapo|it}} and [[Puerto Ayacucho]], and the [[Casiquiare]] canal. This subspecies is not recognized by the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy,<ref name=":0" /> or the IUCN.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />{{indent}}