Editing Amazon parrot (section)

== Taxonomy ==
{{See also|List of amazon parrots}}

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = ChrysotisChloronotaKeulemans.jpg
| caption1 = Festive amazon (Amazona festiva), color illustration by Keulemans, 1891
| image2 = Jamaican parrot.jpg
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| caption2 = Color drawing of an unidentified Jamaican parrot, possibly belonging to this genus, 1764
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The genus ''Amazona'' was introduced by the French naturalist [[René Lesson]] in 1830.<ref>{{cite book | last=Lesson | first=René | author-link=René Lesson | year=1831 | title=Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique | volume=1 | language=fr | place=Paris | publisher=F.G. Levrault | page=189 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35997173 | access-date=2019-08-12 | archive-date=2019-08-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812094528/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35997173 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[type species]] was subsequently designated as the [[mealy amazon]] (''Amazona farinosa'') by the Italian zoologist [[Tommaso Salvadori]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite book | last=Salvadori | first=Tommaso | author-link=Tommaso Salvadori | year=1891 | title=Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum | volume=20 | location=London | publisher=British Museum | page=268 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8382573 | access-date=2019-08-12 | archive-date=2019-08-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812094038/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8382573 | url-status=live }}</ref> The genus name is a Latinized version of the name ''Amazone'' given to them in the 18th century by the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte de Buffon]], who believed they were native to [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonian jungles]].<ref name=job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n44 44] | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling}}</ref>

''Amazona'' contains about thirty species of parrots, such as the [[Cuban amazon]], [[festive amazon]], and [[red-necked amazon]]. The [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the [[yellow-crowned amazon]] (''Amazona ochrocephala'' complex) is disputed, with some authorities only listing a single species (''A. ochrocephala''), while others split it into as many as three species (''A. ochrocephala'', ''A. auropalliata'' and ''A. oratrix''). The split is primarily based on differences related to extension of yellow to the plumage and the colour of bill and legs. [[Phylogenetic]] analyses of [[mtDNA]] do not support the traditional split.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eberhard|first1=J.|last2=Bermingham|first2=E.|year=2004|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of the ''Amazona ochrocephala'' (Aves: Psittacidae) complex|journal=The Auk|volume=121|issue=2|pages=318–332|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0318:PABOTA]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=21874362 |doi-access=}}</ref>

A 2017 study published by ornithologists Tony Silva, Antonio Guzmán, Adam D. Urantówka and Paweł Mackiewicz proposed a new species from the Yucatán Peninsula area in Mexico called the blue-winged amazon (''[[Amazona gomezgarzai]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Tony |last2=Guzmán |first2=Antonio |last3=Urantówka |first3=Adam D |last4=Mackiewicz |first4=Paweł |title=A new parrot taxon from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico—its position within genus Amazona based on morphology and molecular phylogeny |journal=PeerJ |date=June 27, 2017 |volume=4420 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3475|pmid=28674651 |pmc=5490482 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, subsequent studies question its validity, indicating that these organisms possibly had an artificial hybrid origin.<ref>{{cite journal | title=A new species of Mexican parrot? Reasonable doubt on the status of ''Amazona gomezgarzai'' (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)|first1=Patricia|last1=Escalante|first2=Abigail Eunice|last2=Arteaga-Rojas|first3=Mauricio|last3=Gutiérrez-Sánchez-Rüed| year=2018 | journal=Zootaxa|volume=4420|issue=1|pages=139–147| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.9|pmid=30313559}}</ref>

The [[yellow-faced parrot]] (''Alipiopsitta xanthops'') was traditionally placed within this genus, but recent research has shown that it is more closely related to the [[short-tailed parrot]] and species in the genus ''[[Pionus]]'', resulting in it being transferred to the [[monotypic]] genus ''Alipiopsitta''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duarte|first1=J.M.B.|last2=Caparroz|first2=R.|year=1995|title=Cytotaxonomic analysis of Brazilian species of the genus ''Amazona'' (Psittacidae, Aves) and confirmation of the genus ''Salvatoria'' (Ribeiro, 1920)|journal=Brazilian Journal of Genetics|volume=18|pages=623–628|hdl-access=free|hdl=11449/34543}}</ref><ref name=AmazonePhylogeny>{{ cite journal | last1=Russello | first1=M.A. | last2=Amato | first2=G. | year=2004 | title=A molecular phylogeny of ''Amazona'': implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation | journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=421–437 | doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00192-1| pmid=14715233 | bibcode=2004MolPE..30..421R }}</ref>

===Extinct hypothetical species===
Populations of amazon parrots that lived on the Caribbean islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]] are now extinct. It is not known if they were distinct species or subspecies, or if they originated from parrots introduced to the islands by humans, so they are regarded as [[hypothetical extinct species]]. No evidence of them remains, and their taxonomy may never be established.  Populations of several [[parrot]] species were described mainly in the unscientific writings of early travelers, and subsequently scientifically described by several naturalists (to have their names linked to the species that they were proposing) mainly in the 20th century, with no more evidence than the earlier observations and without specimens.<ref name = Fuller1987>{{cite book |title = Extinct Birds |pages = 131 |first = Errol |last = Fuller | year = 1987| publisher = Penguin Books (England) |isbn = 0-670-81787-2}}</ref> An illustration of a specimen termed "[[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]]' parrot" has sometimes been considered a possibly distinct, extinct species, but it may also have been a yellow-billed or Cuban amazon with aberrant colouration.<ref name="Aberrant">{{Cite journal|last1=Hume |first1=J. P. |last2=van Grouw |first2= H. | pages = 168–193 |year= 2014 |title= Colour aberrations in extinct and endangered birds |journal= Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |volume= 134 }}</ref>
* [[Martinique amazon]], ''Amazona martinica.'' [[Austin Hobart Clark|A.H. Clark]], 1905.<ref name = Fuller1987/>
* [[Guadeloupe amazon]], ''Amazona violacea''. Originally called ''Psittacus violaceus'' by [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|J.F. Gmelin]] in 1789.<ref name = Fuller1987/>