Editing Amartya Sen (section)

==Early life and education==
[[File:Pratichi - The house of Nobel laureate Amartya Sen in Shantiniketan, Bolpur.jpg|thumb|'Pratichi', Sen's house in [[Shantiniketan]]]]
Amartya Sen was born on 3 November 1933 in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lanoszka |first1=Anna |title=International Development: Socio-Economic Theories, Legacies, and Strategies |date=17 January 2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-20865-5 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFFHDwAAQBAJ&dq=amartya+sen+%22bengali+family%22&pg=PT77}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/sen/facts/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2018 |title=Govt needs to improve public schools: Amartya Sen at Shantiniketan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-needs-to-improve-public-schools-amartya-sen-at-shantiniketan-1283326-2018-07-11 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=The noted economist was born in a Bengali Baidya family in Shantiniketan, West Bengal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Loiwal |first1=Manogya |date=12 July 2018|title=Govt needs to improve public schools: Amartya Sen at Shantiniketan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-needs-to-improve-public-schools-amartya-sen-at-shantiniketan-1283326-2018-07-12 |work=India Today |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=3 Bengalis won the Nobel. Abhijit Banerjee first to wear dhoti |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/abhijit-banerjee-takes-dhuti-panjabi-to-nobel-prize-ceremony-with-esther-duflo-in-saree-viral-video-1627270-2019-12-11 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2012 |title=Invest in education: Amartya Sen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/invest-in-education-amartya-sen/articleshow/15067755.cms |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> family in [[Santiniketan]], Bengal, British India. The first Asian to win a Nobel Prize,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1913/summary/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> the polymath and writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]], gave Amartya Sen his name ({{langx|bn|অমর্ত্য|ômorto}}, {{lit|immortal or heavenly}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Sanya |date=1 July 2020 |title=The Nobel Laureate Who Gave Amartya Sen His Name |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/the-nobel-laureate-who-gave-amartya-sen-his-name-2255245 |work=NDTV |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=One on One – Amartya Sen| date=21 August 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN5esbvAt-w|language=en|access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> Sen's family was from Wari and [[Manikganj District|Manikganj]], [[Dhaka]], both in present-day [[Bangladesh]]. His father, Ashutosh Sen, was a Professor of Chemistry at [[Dhaka University]], then the Development Commissioner in Delhi and then Chairman of the West Bengal Public Service Commission. Sen moved with his family to [[West Bengal]] in 1945. Sen's mother, Amita Sen, was the daughter of [[Kshitimohan Sen|Kshiti Mohan Sen]], the eminent Sanskritist and scholar of ancient and medieval India. Sen's maternal grandfather was a close associate of Tagore. K. M. Sen served as the second [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati University]] from 1953 to 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Vice-Chancellors of Visva Bharati University |url=https://visvabharati.ac.in/FormerViceChancellors.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=visvabharati.ac.in}}</ref>

Sen began his school education at [[St Gregory's School (Dhaka)|St Gregory's School]] in [[Dhaka]] in 1940. In the fall of 1941, he was admitted to [[Patha Bhavana]], Santiniketan, where he completed his school education. The school had many progressive features, such as distaste for examinations or competitive testing. In addition, the school stressed cultural diversity, and embraced cultural influences from the rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html|title=Amartya Sen – Biographical |publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> In 1951, he went to [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]], where he earned a BA in economics with First in the First Class, with a minor in Mathematics, as a graduating student of the [[University of Calcutta]]. While at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and given a 15 per cent chance of living five years.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Riz Khan interviewing Amartya Sen |date=21 August 2010 |title=One on One Amartya Sen |medium=Television production |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN5esbvAt-w |access-date=26 April 2016 |time=18:40 minutes in |publisher=Al Jazeera }}</ref> With radiation treatment, he survived, and in 1953 he moved to [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], where he earned a second BA in economics in 1955 with a first class, topping the list as well. At this time, he was elected President of the Cambridge [[Majlis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=fionaholland |date=11 October 2021 |title=At home with Professor Amartya Sen |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/at-home-with-professor-amartya-sen/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Trinity College Cambridge |language=en-GB}}</ref> While Sen was officially a PhD student at Cambridge (though he had finished his research in 1955–56), he was offered the position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Economics Department of the newly created [[Jadavpur University]] in [[Calcutta]]. Appointed to the position at age 22, he is still the youngest chairman to have headed the Department of Economics. He served in that position, starting the new Economics Department, from 1956 to 1958.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Home in the World |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-141-97098-1 |pages=328–335}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Sen was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College, which gave him four years to study any subject; he made the decision to study [[philosophy]]. Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important for me not just because some of my main areas of interest in economics relate quite closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, [[social choice theory]] makes intense use of [[mathematical logic]] and also draws on [[moral philosophy]], and so does the study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I found philosophical studies very rewarding on their own."<ref name=Philosophy>{{cite web|title=Amartya Sen – Biographical: Philosophy and economics |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html |website= The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |publisher= Nobel Prize |access-date= 16 June 2014 }}</ref> His interest in philosophy, however, dates back to his college days at Presidency, where he read books on philosophy and debated philosophical themes. One of the books he was most interested in was [[Kenneth Arrow]]'s ''[[Social Choice and Individual Values]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html|title=Amartya Sen – Biographical|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters of [[Keynesian economics]], and the neo-classical economists who were sceptical of Keynes. Because of a lack of enthusiasm for social choice theory in both Trinity and Cambridge, Sen chose a different subject for his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] thesis, which was on "[[Choice of techniques|The Choice of Techniques]]" in 1959. The work had been completed earlier, except for advice from his adjunct supervisor in India, [[A.&nbsp;K. Dasgupta]], given to Sen while teaching and revising his work at Jadavpur, under the supervision of the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" [[post-Keynesian]] [[Joan Robinson]].<ref name=Robinson>{{cite web|title= Amartya Sen – Biographical: Cambridge as a battleground |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1998/sen-bio.html |website= The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998 |publisher= Nobel Prize |access-date= 16 June 2014 }}</ref> [[Quentin Skinner]] notes that Sen was a member of the secret society [[Cambridge Apostles]] during his time at Cambridge.<ref>{{cite AV media | people = Professor Quentin Skinner and Alan Macfarlane | title = Interview of Professor Quentin Skinner &nbsp;– part 2 | medium = Video | via = YouTube | location = Cambridge | date = 2 June 2008 | minutes = 57:55 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVdAhzqFLps }}</ref>

During 1960–61, Amartya Sen visited the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], on leave from Trinity College.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |title=Home in the World |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-141-97098-1 |pages=358–364}}</ref>