Editing Algerian People's National Army (section)

==History==
{{main|Military history of Algeria}}
{{See also|Declaration of 1 November 1954}}
=== Role in politics ===
The Algerian military [[élite]] has played a dominating role in [[Algerian politics]] ever since independence in 1962, when the army emerged as the only effective powerbroker in a shattered political landscape dominated by weak and competing political factions. At the end of the war of independence, a split developed between the National Liberation Army and the [[Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic]] (GPRA).<ref>Mohamed Harbi, Le FLN, mirage et réalité, éditions Jeune Afrique, Paris, 1980, cited by Lahouari Addi, [http://mondediplo.com/1998/02/02algeria The Algerian army holds the levers of power] Le Monde Diplomatique, English Edition, February 1998.</ref> The GPRA was set up in 1958 to represent the National Liberation Front abroad, mobilise the funds needed to organise the underground movement and support the refugees who had fled to Morocco and Tunisia. But it was the general staff of the ALN that was actually in charge of the revolution. When the war ended, it "dismissed" the GPRA and took over the running of the new state.

After independence in 1962, the Army, led by [[Houari Boumediène]], backed [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] to become president.  Recognizing the role that the military played in bringing him to power, Ben Bella appointed senior officers as ministers and other important positions within the new state, including naming Boumediène as the defence minister.<ref>Willis, M.  Politics and Power in the Maghreb : Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring.  New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>

Just three years later, Boumediène deposed Ben Bella in a coup, which also saw the former take power and the National Assembly replaced by the Revolutionary Council to oversee the development of state structures.  The Council was set up by 26 military officers, including [[Chadli Bendjedid]] and [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], and it gradually entrenched the military establishment as the founders and the backbone of the Algerian regime.<ref>Cook, S.A.
 (2007).  Ruling but not Governing:  The military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria and Turkey.  Baltimore:  Johns Hopkins University Press</ref> Despite the influence of the army that time was limited due to state and army leadership were joined under Boumediène's highly authoritarian presidency, after his death in 1978, the role of the military in politics started to grow from the late 1970s.  The Ministry of Defence took over administrative control of the government after Boumediène fell ill.  After Boumediène's death in 1978,
the military ensured the continuation of its influence in politics by choosing Colonel [[Chadli Benjedid]] to succeed as the President, as he increasingly relied on the a small number of military advisers for advice.<ref name="Willis, M. 1996">Willis, M.  (1996).  The Islamist Challenge in Algeria: A Political history.  Reading, UK: Ithaca Press</ref> Despite this, factionalization and rivalries within the military and political élites remains a major factor in Algerian politics.

After being structured as a politicized "people's army" in the Boumédiène era, and retaining its allegiance to the FLN during the [[one-party state]] years of [[History of Algeria|Algerian history]], the military forces were formally depoliticized in 1988, as a [[multi-party system]] was introduced. This, however, did not end military influence over Algerian politics.  It was extremely suspicious of Islamist parties, such as the [[Islamic Salvation Front]] ''(Front Islamique du Salut, FIS)'', and opposed the FIS's legal recognition in 1989.  Since most of the officers were trained overseas in states practicing secular laws, such as France and the Soviet Union, they believe Islamism was a threat to state foundations and a threat to the military's interests.<ref name="Willis, M. 1996"/> This was reflected in decisions by army chiefs to ban the hijab and its reluctance to support Iraq during its [[invasion of Kuwait]].

In 1991, fearing the installation of [[Sharia Law]], which would result in [[Algeria]] becoming an [[Islamic state]], the Algerian Army cancelled free elections that were likely to bring an [[Islamism|Islamist]] party, the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) (''Front Islamique du Salut'') to power. They also launched a [[coup d'etat]] in January 1991 and forced Bendjedid to resign the presidency.  For many officers, the election of an Islamist Algerian government would be a disaster as they believed it would be catastrophic for the economy through capital flight and foreign petrol companies cancelling their agreements to extract oil and gas in Algeria.  Politically, the military believed the election of the FIS could bring instability to the country, as there were indications that the FIS's opponents are preparing to start armed conflicts against any future Islamist governments.  Despite Benjedid assured the officers that he could keep the FIS in check with his constitutional and institutional powers, the military were still suspicious, as they doubted Benjedid's ability to exercise such powers and feared he might compromise with the FIS to maintain his position, including sacking senior personnel.
The coup and the cancellation of elections triggered the [[Algerian Civil War]] in December 1991, a conflict which is believed to have claimed 100-350,000 lives during the 1990s. During the war, both the armed forces and Islamist insurgents have been severely criticized by outside observers for their conduct of the war on humanitarian and human rights grounds. The state and army Islamist resistance in the late 1990s, but local and sporadic fighting persists in 2009, along with occasional bomb attacks against government targets in major cities. The most active insurgent group is [[al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]], formerly known as GSPC. Since major fighting subsided in about 1997, the army has been engaged in refitting itself for the tasks of a conventional army, after more than a decade of anti-[[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] action.

Over Boutiflika's 20-year-presidency, the military's influence over politics decreased, as commanders who once held strong political power started to retire, and Boutiflika himself secured more mandate from the people, as his foreign policies rejuvenated Algeria's international status and domestic policies were successful in achieving reconciliation between different sides of the civil war and achieving peace.

However, the military still has a role in Algerian politics.  This was displayed during the Algerian protests that forced Bouteflika to resign from office in 2019, after losing support of the military, which Chief of Staff of the military, General [[Ahmed Gaid Salah]], demanded that he be declared unfit for office and be removed immediately.

===Border disputes===
The major part of Algeria's armed forces are directed towards the country's western border with [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]].<ref>U.S. Department of State Background Notes, 2003</ref> Algeria supported the guerrilla [[Western Sahara War]] (1975–1991) against Moroccan control of Western Sahara by the [[Polisario Front]], a national [[liberation movement]] of [[Sahrawi people|Sahrawi]] [[Bedouin]] exiled in Algeria's [[Tindouf Province]]. Algeria has had longstanding border disagreements with Morocco, due to the non-recognition of the colonial borders by the Moroccan regime. Although now basically resolved, these continue to linger as a factor in the consistently troubled but generally non-violent relations between the two neighboring states. The [[Algeria-Morocco border]] has been closed since 1994. Both countries' armed forces have engaged in costly equipment upgrades in recent years, clearly viewing each other as the principal threat to their sovereignty, and equally reluctant to let the other nation gain the upper hand militarily.

By contrast, Algeria's post-independence border disagreements with [[Tunisia]] and [[Libya]], which were at times a cause for poor relations, both appear to have been peacefully resolved (to its advantage). The Algerian army has also, especially in later years, been very active along the [[Algeria-Mali border]], where various insurgent movements are based. Algeria has fought only two brief wars and battles after independence (the [[Sand War]], a border conflict with Morocco in 1963 and the [[First battle of Amgala]] in 1976), but the country is also, like most [[Arab world|Arab nations]], formally at war with [[Israel]] since 1948.

In 1984, after promoting eight colonels to become the first generals in independent Algeria, [[Chadli Benjedid]] announced the establishment of an ANP general staff.<ref>{{cite book |last=Metz |first=Helen |date=1994 |title=Algeria: A Country Study |url=https://archive.org/details/nicaraguacountry00merr/page/257 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |page=[https://archive.org/details/nicaraguacountry00merr/page/257 257] |isbn=0-8444-0831-X |access-date=29 June 2018 }}</ref> Previously, the armed forces had relied on the secretary general of the [[Ministry of National Defence (Algeria)|Ministry of National Defence]] to coordinate staff activities. The previous secretary general of the ministry, Major General [[Moustafa Benloucif]], was named the first chief of staff. Benloucif had risen quickly in the ANP and was also an alternate member of the FLN Political Bureau. However, he was dismissed in 1986 without explanation; in 1992 the regime announced that Benloucif would be tried for corruption and the embezzlement of US$11 million, which had been transferred to European accounts.

Bouteflika sought to reassert the power of the presidency over the largely autonomous armed forces.<ref>Bonn International Centre for Conversion, [https://www.bicc.de/ssr_gtz/pdf/algeria.pdf Security Sector Reform in Algeria], accessed December 2014.</ref> As Minister of Defence, he nominated new commanders for military regions in August 2004. He also issued a presidential decree creating the position of General Secretary within the Ministry of Defence. Nevertheless, current and retired officers—"le pouvoir"—remain important decision-makers. In order to encourage Algerian military reforms, the U.S. decided to allow Algeria to receive [[International Military Education and Training]] (IMET) funds.

Algeria has the largest defence budget in Africa. Historically, Algeria bought weapons and military equipment from the [[Soviet Union]]. [[United Press International]] reported in March 2013 that Algeria was undergoing a process of military modernization, which includes the introduction of new, more modern warships, aircraft, and tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/03/11/Algerias-military-goes-on-an-arms-spree/UPI-89581363031700/ |title=Algeria buying military equipment |publisher=UPI.com |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

On 19 January 2013, Algerian troops killed 32 militant hostage-takers and freed more than 650 hostages held at the [[In Amenas hostage crisis|Tigantourine gas facility]], situated near in Amenas in the [[Illizi Province]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/18/world/africa/algeria-hostage-crisis/ | work=CNN | title=Algerian forces seek 'peaceful' settlement of dramatic, deadly hostage crisis - CNN.com | date=23 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1130910/anxiety-mounts-over-deadly-hostage-raid-algeria |title=Algerian army frees 650 hostages, including 70 foreigners &#124; South China Morning Post |publisher=Scmp.com |date=18 January 2013 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Nearly 48 hostages are confirmed to be dead. The kidnappers said the assault on the gas plant was launched in retaliation for [[France|French]] intervention against Islamist groups in neighboring [[Mali]].