Editing Albuquerque, New Mexico (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Albuquerque, New Mexico}}
{{for timeline}}
[[Petroglyphs]] carved into basalt in the western part of the city bear testimony to a Native American presence in the area dating back many centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are Petroglyphs |url=https://www.nps.gov/petr/learn/historyculture/what.htm |website=National Park Service |date=March 20, 2021 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619160738/https://www.nps.gov/petr/learn/historyculture/what.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> These are preserved in the [[Petroglyph National Monument]].

The [[Tanoan languages|Tanoan]] and [[Keres languages|Keresan]] peoples had lived along the Rio Grande for centuries before European colonists arrived in the area that developed as Albuquerque. By the 1500s, there were around 20 [[Tiwa Puebloans|Tiwa]] pueblos along a {{convert|60|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch of river from present-day [[Algodones, New Mexico|Algodones]] to the [[Rio Puerco (Rio Grande tributary)|Rio Puerco]] confluence south of [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]]. Of these, 12 or 13 were densely clustered near present-day [[Bernalillo, New Mexico|Bernalillo]], and the remainder were spread out to the south.<ref name=barrett>{{cite book |last=Barrett |first=Elinore M. |title=Conquest and Catastrophe: Changing Rio Grande Pueblo Settlement Patterns in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLAICgAAQBAJ |publisher=UNM Press |location=Albuquerque |date=2002 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |isbn=9780826324139 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Two Tiwa [[pueblos]] lie on the outskirts of present-day Albuquerque. Both have been continuously inhabited for many centuries: [[Sandia Pueblo]] was founded in the 14th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Sandia Pueblo |work=Sandia Pueblo website |publisher=Pueblo of Sandia |year=2006 |url=http://www.sandiapueblo.nsn.us/history.html |access-date=January 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102031937/http://www.sandiapueblo.nsn.us/history.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=January 2, 2008}}</ref> and [[Pueblo of Isleta]] is documented in written records since the early 17th century. It was then chosen as the site of the [[San Agustín de la Isleta Mission]], a [[Catholic mission]].

The historic [[Navajo]], [[Apache]], and [[Comanche]] peoples were likely to have set camps in the Albuquerque area, as there is evidence of trade and cultural exchange among the different Native American groups going back centuries before European arrival.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seymour |first1=Deni |title=From the Land of Ever Winter to the American Southwest |date=2012 |publisher=University of Utah Press }}</ref>
[[File:Viceroyalty of New Spain Location 1819 (without Philippines).png|left|thumb|In 1706, Albuquerque was founded as a villa of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]], [[New Spain]]]]
Albuquerque was founded in 1706 as an outpost as ''La Villa de Alburquerque'' by [[Francisco Cuervo y Valdés]] in the provincial kingdom of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Albuquerque Historical Society |url=http://albuqhistsoc.org/who-we-are/ |website=Albuquerque Historical Society |access-date=January 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219010115/http://albuqhistsoc.org/who-we-are/ |archive-date=December 19, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The settlement was named after the original town of Viceroy [[Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque|Francisco Fernández de la Cueva]], 10th [[duke of Alburquerque]], who was from [[Alburquerque, Badajoz]] in southwest Spain.

Albuquerque developed primarily for farming and sheep herds. It was a strategically located trading and military outpost along the [[El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro|Camino Real]]. It served other [[Tiwa Puebloans|Tiquex]] and [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispano]] towns settled in the area, such as [[Barelas]], [[Corrales, New Mexico|Corrales]], [[Isleta Pueblo]], [[Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, New Mexico|Los Ranchos]], and [[Sandia Pueblo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nmallstar.com/albuquerque_visitor_information.html |title=History |publisher=Nmallstar.com |access-date=February 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325201851/http://www.nmallstar.com/albuquerque_visitor_information.html#Albuquerques |archive-date=March 25, 2012 }}</ref>

After gaining independence in 1821, Mexico established a military presence here. The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish villa pattern: a central [[plaza]] surrounded by government buildings, homes, and a church. This central plaza area has been preserved and is open to the public as a cultural area and center of commerce. It is referred to as "[[Old Town Albuquerque]]" or simply "Old Town". Historically it was sometimes referred to as "La Placita" (''Little Plaza'' in Spanish). On the north side of Old Town Plaza is [[San Felipe de Neri Church]]. Built in 1793, it is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stoppingpoints.com/nm/Bernalillo/San+Felipe+de+Neri+Church.html |author=New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, Historic Preservation Division |title=San Felipe de Neri Church Historical Marker |access-date=December 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010127/http://www.stoppingpoints.com/nm/Bernalillo/San+Felipe+de+Neri+Church.html |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the New Mexico Territory became a part of the United States in the mid-19th century, a federal garrison and quartermaster depot, the Post of Albuquerque, were established here, operating from 1846 to 1867. In ''Beyond the Mississippi'' (1867), [[Albert D. Richardson]], traveling to California via coach, passed through Albuquerque in late October 1859—its population was 3,000 at the time—and described it as "one of the richest and pleasantest towns, with a Spanish cathedral and other buildings more than two hundred years old."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=Albert D. |title=Beyond the Mississippi: From the Great River to the Great Ocean |publisher=American Publishing Co. |year=1867 |location=Hartford, Conn. |pages=249 }}</ref>

During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Albuquerque was occupied for a month in February 1862 by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] troops under General [[Henry Hopkins Sibley]]. He soon afterward advanced with his main body into northern New Mexico.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} During his retreat from [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] troops into [[Texas]], he made a stand on April 8, 1862, and fought the [[Battle of Albuquerque]] against a detachment of Union soldiers commanded by Colonel [[Edward Canby|Edward R. S. Canby]]. This daylong engagement at long range led to few casualties. The residents of Albuquerque aided the Republican Union to rid the city of the occupying Confederate troops.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

[[file:Albuquerque (1880).jpg|thumb|upright|Downtown Albuquerque in the 1880s|alt=|left]]

When the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad]] arrived in 1880, it bypassed the Plaza, locating the passenger depot and railyards about <span style="white-space:nowrap">2&nbsp;miles&nbsp;(3&nbsp;km)</span> east in what quickly became known as New Albuquerque or New Town. The railway company built a hospital for its workers that was later used as a juvenile psychiatric facility. It has since been converted to a hotel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Galloway |first1=Lindsey |title=A hospital turned hotel in New Mexico |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130520-a-hospital-turned-hotel-in-new-mexico |publisher=BBC Travel |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511180757/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130520-a-hospital-turned-hotel-in-new-mexico |archive-date=May 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many Anglo merchants, mountain men, and settlers slowly filtered into Albuquerque, creating a major mercantile commercial center in [[Downtown Albuquerque]]. From this commercial center on July 4, 1882, [[Park Van Tassel]] became the first to fly a balloon in Albuquerque with a landing at Old Town.<ref name="Fogel">{{Cite book |last=Fogel |first=Gary |title=Sky Rider: Park Van Tassel and the Rise of Ballooning in the West |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-8263-6282-7 }}</ref> This was the first balloon flight in the New Mexico Territory.

Due to a rising rate of violent crime, gunman [[Milton J. Yarberry|Milt Yarberry]] was appointed the town's first marshal that year. New Albuquerque was incorporated as a town in 1885, with Henry N. Jaffa its first mayor. It was incorporated as a city in 1891.<ref name="Simmons">{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=Marc |title=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque |year=1982 |isbn=0-8263-0627-6 }}</ref>{{Rp|232–233}}

Old Town remained a separate community until the 1920s, when it was absorbed by Albuquerque. [[Old Albuquerque High School]], the city's first public high school, was established in 1879. [[Congregation Albert]], a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogue established in 1897, by Henry N. Jaffa, who was also the city's first mayor, is the oldest continuing Jewish organization in the city.<ref name="congregationalbert.org">{{cite web |title=Our History |website=Congregation Albert |date=April 7, 1902 |url=https://www.congregationalbert.org/history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526083553/https://www.congregationalbert.org/history |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Old Albuquerque High School Albuquerque.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Old Albuquerque High School|Old Albuquerque High]], built in 1914. Victorian and Gothic styles were used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.|alt=|left]]

By 1900, Albuquerque boasted a population of 8,000 and all the modern amenities, including an electric street railway connecting Old Town, New Town, and the recently established University of New Mexico campus on the East Mesa.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} In 1902, the [[Alvarado Hotel]] was built adjacent to the new passenger depot, and it remained a famous symbol of the city for decades.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1969 |title=The Alvarado Hotel |url=https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1658&context=nma |work=New Mexico Architect |pages=20–23 |via=University of New Mexico |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820041409/https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1658&context=nma |url-status=live }}</ref> Outdated, it was razed in 1970 and the site was converted to a parking lot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1970 |title=The Alvarado Hotel |url=https://wheelsmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Alvarado-Hotel.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2024 |work=New Mexico Architect |pages=16–19 |via=Wheels Museum }}</ref>

In 2002, the [[Alvarado Transportation Center]] was built on the site in a style resembling the old landmark. The large metro station functions as the downtown headquarters for the city's transit department. It also is an intermodal hub for local buses, [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] buses, [[Amtrak]] passenger trains, and the [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express|Rail Runner]] commuter rail line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ART Answers |url=https://www.cabq.gov/transit/services/art-information/art-answers |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=City of Albuquerque |language=en}}</ref>

In the early days of transcontinental air service, Albuquerque was an important stop on many transcontinental air routes, earning it the nickname "Crossroads of the Southwest".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kirtland.baseguide.net/history.html |title=Kirtland AFB Guide/Directory - History |website=kirtland.baseguide.net |access-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-date=July 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702014927/http://kirtland.baseguide.net/history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the early 20th century, New Mexico's dry climate attracted many [[tuberculosis]] patients to the city in search of a cure;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Health reports progress against tuberculosis in New Mexico |url=https://www.nmhealth.org/news/awareness/2021/3/?view=1420 |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=www.nmhealth.org |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723045005/https://www.nmhealth.org/news/awareness/2021/3/?view=1420 |url-status=live }}</ref> this was before penicillin was found to be effective. Several sanitaria were developed on the [[West Mesa]] for TB patients. Presbyterian Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital, two of the largest hospitals in the Southwest, had their beginnings during this period. Influential [[New Deal]]–era governor [[Clyde Tingley]] and famed Southwestern architect [[John Gaw Meem]] were among those who came to New Mexico seeking recovery from TB.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

[[File:McCanna-Hubbell Building, Albuquerque NM.jpg|thumb|The [[McCanna–Hubbell Building]], built in 1915, is one of downtown Albuquerque's many historic buildings|alt=|left]]

The first travelers on [[U.S. Route 66|Route 66]] appeared in Albuquerque in 1926. Soon dozens of motels, restaurants, and gift shops sprouted along the roadside. Route 66 originally ran through the city on a north–south alignment along Fourth Street. In 1937 it was realigned along [[Central Avenue (Albuquerque)|Central Avenue]], a more direct east–west route.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The intersection of Fourth and Central downtown was the principal crossroads of the city for decades. The majority of the surviving structures from the Route 66 era are on Central, though there are also some on Fourth. Signs between Bernalillo and Los Lunas along the old route now have brown, historical highway markers denoting it as ''Pre-1937 Route 66.''{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The establishment of [[Kirtland Air Force Base]] in 1939, [[Sandia Base]] in the early 1940s, and [[Sandia National Laboratories]] in 1949, would make Albuquerque a key player of the Atomic Age. Meanwhile, the city continued to expand outward into the Northeast Heights, reaching a population of 201,189 by 1960 per the U.S. Census.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-and-housing-phc-1/41953654v1ch2.pdf |title=U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1960. Census Tracts. |date=1961 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |series=Final Report PHC(1)-4. |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=13 |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619163207/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-and-housing-phc-1/41953654v1ch2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 1990, it was 384,736 and in 2007 it was 518,271. In June 2007, Albuquerque was listed as the sixth fastest-growing city in the United States.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news |author=Les Christie |url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/27/real_estate/fastest_growing_cities/ |title=The fastest growing U.S. cities&nbsp;– June 28, 2007 |publisher=CNN |date=June 28, 2007 |access-date=May 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404170946/http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/27/real_estate/fastest_growing_cities/ |archive-date=April 4, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1990, the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] reported Albuquerque's population as 34.5% Hispanic and 58.3% non-Hispanic white.<ref name="census1">{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912052919/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=September 12, 2008 }}</ref>

On April 11, 1950, a USAF [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 bomber]] carrying a [[nuclear weapon]] crashed into a mountain near [[Manzano Base]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Tiwari J, Gray CJ |title=U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents |url=http://www.cdi.org/Issues/NukeAccidents/accidents.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423145613/http://www.cdi.org/issues/nukeaccidents/accidents.htm |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref> On May 22, 1957, a B-36 accidentally dropped a [[Mark 17 nuclear bomb]] 4.5 miles from the control tower while landing at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]]. Only the conventional trigger detonated, as the bomb was unarmed. These incidents were not reported as they were classified as secret for decades.<ref>Adler, Les. [http://www.hkhinc.com/newmexico/albuquerque/doomsday/ "Albuquerque's Near-Doomsday."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060717/http://www.hkhinc.com/newmexico/albuquerque/doomsday/ |date=May 15, 2019 }} ''Albuquerque Tribune''. January 20, 1994.</ref>

Following the end of [[World War II]], population shifts as well as suburban development, [[urban sprawl]] and gentrification, Albuquerque's downtown entered a period of decline. Many historic buildings were razed in the 1960s and 1970s to make way for new plazas, high-rises, and parking lots as part of the city's urban renewal phase.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} {{as of|2010}}, only recently has Downtown Albuquerque come to regain much of its urban character,{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} mainly through the construction of many new loft apartment buildings and the renovation of historic structures such as the [[KiMo Theater]].

During the 21st century, Albuquerque's population has continued to grow rapidly. The population of the city proper was estimated at 564,559 in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Albuquerque_city,_New_Mexico?g=160XX00US3502000 |access-date=November 7, 2024 |website=data.census.gov |archive-date=November 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108214453/https://data.census.gov/profile/Albuquerque_city,_New_Mexico?g=160XX00US3502000 |url-status=live }}</ref> 528,497 in 2009, and 448,607 in the 2000 census.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Erick |last=Siermers |title=Managing Albuquerque's growth |url=http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/sep/17/albuquerque-metro-area-population-projected-reach-/ |date=September 17, 2007 |access-date=September 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222005227/http://abqtrib.com/news/2007/sep/17/albuquerque-metro-area-population-projected-reach-/ |archive-date=February 22, 2010 }}</ref> During 2005 and 2006, the city celebrated its tricentennial with a diverse program of cultural events.

The passage of the Planned Growth Strategy in 2002–2004 was the community's strongest effort to create a framework for a more balanced and sustainable approach to urban growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabq.gov/council/pgs.html |title=Planned Growth Strategy |publisher=Cabq.gov |date=March 19, 2007 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517213447/http://www.cabq.gov/council/pgs.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}</ref>

Urban sprawl is limited on three sides—by the [[Sandia Pueblo]] to the north, the [[Isleta Pueblo]] and Kirtland Air Force Base to the south, and the Sandia Mountains to the east. Suburban growth continues at a strong pace to the west, beyond the Petroglyph National Monument, once thought to be a natural boundary to sprawl development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/petr/ |title=Petroglyph National Monument |publisher=Nps.gov |date=June 10, 2010 |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828110802/http://www.nps.gov/petr/ |archive-date=August 28, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Because of less-costly land and lower taxes, much of the growth in the metropolitan area is taking place outside of the city of Albuquerque itself. In Rio Rancho to the northwest, the communities east of the mountains, and the incorporated parts of [[Valencia County]], population growth rates approach twice that of Albuquerque. The primary cities in Valencia County are [[Los Lunas, New Mexico|Los Lunas]] and [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]], both of which are home to growing industrial complexes and new residential subdivisions. The mountain towns of [[Tijeras, New Mexico|Tijeras]], [[Edgewood, New Mexico|Edgewood]], and [[Moriarty, New Mexico|Moriarty]], while close enough to Albuquerque to be considered suburbs, have experienced much less growth compared to Rio Rancho, Bernalillo, Los Lunas, and Belen. Limited water supply and rugged terrain are the main limiting factors for development in these towns. The [[Mid Region Council of Governments]] (MRCOG), which includes constituents from throughout the Albuquerque area, was formed to ensure that these governments along the middle Rio Grande would be able to meet the needs of their rapidly rising populations. MRCOG's cornerstone project is currently the [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}