Editing Albert Brudzewski (section)

==Life==
Albert ({{langx|pl|Wojciech}}), who would sign himself "''de Brudzewo''" ("of Brudzewo"), was born about 1445 in the city of Brudzew/Brudzewo,{{Efn|name=Brudzew|It uncertain in which "Brudzewo"/"Brudzew" he was born: probably the town in present-day [[Brudzew, Kalisz County]], see also [[Brudzew (disambiguation)]] and [[Brudzewo (disambiguation)]]}} in the [[Kingdom of Poland]].

He matriculated at the Kraków Academy (now [[Jagiellonian University]]), where he earned his bachelor degree in 1470 and a master in 1474.<ref name=":7">{{citation |last=Hamel |first=Jürgen |title=Brudzewski, Albertus de |date=2007 |work=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |pages=177–178 |editor-last=Hockey |editor-first=Thomas |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_212 |access-date=2025-03-24 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_212 |isbn=978-0-387-30400-7 |editor2-last=Trimble |editor2-first=Virginia |editor3-last=Williams |editor3-first=Thomas R. |editor4-last=Bracher |editor4-first=Katherine}}</ref> Brudzewski was a student of [[Michał Falkener]] in physical sciences and of [[John of Głogów]] in mathematics.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last=Lach-Szyrma |first=Krystyn |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Letters_Literary_and_Political_on_Poland/c2cUAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=wroclaw+albert+brudzewski&pg=PA376&printsec=frontcover |title=Letters, Literary and Political, on Poland: Comprising Observations on Russia and Other Sclavonian Nations and Tribes |date=1823 |publisher=G. Ramsay |language=en}}</ref> Brudzewski may have also been a disciple of German astronomer [[Regiomontanus]] at the [[University of Vienna]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last=Freely |first=John |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Celestial_Revolutionary/uJ-LDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=books+by+albert+brudzewski&pg=PT76&printsec=frontcover |title=Celestial Revolutionary: Copernicus, the Man and His Universe |date=2014-05-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85773-490-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite book |last=Wasiutyński |first=Jeremi |url= |title=The Solar Mystery: An Inquiry Into the Temporal and the Eternal Background of the Rise of Modern Civilization |date=2003 |publisher=Solum Forlag |isbn=978-82-560-1407-1 |language=en}}</ref> Brudzewski was well versed in [[Georg von Peuerbach]]'s ''Theoricae novae planetarum'' and Regiomontanus' ''Tabulae directionum'' and ''Ephemerides''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

He drew up tables for calculating the positions of [[heavenly body|heavenly bodies]]. In 1482 he wrote a ''Commentariolum super Theoricas novas'' — a commentary on Peuerbach's text, which was published in [[Milan]] in 1495.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Dreyer |first=J. L. E. |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/A_History_of_Astronomy_from_Thales_to_Ke/mI0TxowaDVsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ellipse+albert+Brudzewo&pg=PA306&printsec=frontcover |title=A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler |date=1953-01-01 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-60079-6 |language=en |quote=First (about 1460) in Purbach’s ''Theoricce nova Planetarum'' (ed. of Basle, 1573, p. 82) : “''Ex dictis apparet manifeste, centrum epicycli Mercurij, propter motus supradictos non (ut in alijs planetis fit) circumferentiam deferentis circularem, sed potius figuras, habentis similitudinem cum plana ovali, peripheriam describere''.” Next by Albert of Brudzew in 1482 in his ''Commentariolum super theoricas novas'', printed at Milan in 1495 (ed. Cracow, 1900, p. 124), where it is remarked that the centre of the lunar epicycle describes a similar figure. This is also stated by E. Reinhold in his commentary to Purbach, 1542, fol. P 7 verso (ed. of Paris, 1558, fol. 78); by Vurstisius in his'' Questiones nova in theoricas'', &e., Basle, 1573, p. 233 ; and in Riccioli’s ''Almagestum novum'', T. i. p. 564. The last three writers (who give a figure) also take the equable angular motion round the centre of the equant into account, which centre lies on the point of the circumference of the small circle nearest the earth. The curve described by the centre of the epicycle thus becomes egg-shaped, and not like an ellipse.}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Peuerbach noted that Mercury does not describes a perfect circle but an [[oval]]-shaped orbit. Brudzewski in his 1482 commentary remarks that the [[Moon]] follows a similar orbit, as it always shows its same side to the [[Earth]].<ref name=":5" /> As previously done by [[Sandivogius of Czechel]], Brudzewski added a secondary [[Deferent and epicycle|epicycle]] to explain the motion of the Moon.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Goddu |first=André |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Copernicus_and_the_Aristotelian_Traditio/iEjk13-1xSYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=orbit+of+moon+copernicus+albert+epicycles&pg=PA144&printsec=frontcover |title=Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition: Education, Reading, and Philosophy in Copernicus's Path to Heliocentrism |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-18107-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Brudzewski also considered that the motion of the planets was influenced by the Sun as their source of power.<ref>{{cite book |last=Westman |first=Robert |url=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/The_Copernican_Question/F5_NDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+Copernican+Question+albert&pg=PA61&printsec=frontcover |title=The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order |date=2020-04-21 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35569-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Other works include ''Introductorium Astronomorum Cracoviensium;Tabula resoluta Astronomic pro supputandis motibus corporum cœlestium'' and ''De Constructone Astrolabii.<ref name=":8" />''

=== Teaching ===
Brudzewski is also remembered as a remarkable teacher. [[Filippo Buonaccorsi]] (Callimachus) wrote in a letter:<ref name=":7" />
{{Quote|text=Everything created by the keen perceptions of [[Euclid|Euclides]] and [[Ptolemy|Ptolemaeus]], [Brudzewski] made a part of his intellectual property. All that remained deeply hidden to lay eyes, he knew how to set before the eyes of his pupils}}
At the Kraków Academy he impressed students by his extraordinary knowledge of literature, and taught mathematics and astronomy.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last=Mizwa |first=Stephen P. |date=1943 |title=Nicholas Copernicus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40669774?seq=3 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=55 |issue=323 |pages=65–72 |issn=0004-6280}}</ref> From 1489 to 1491, German poet and [[Renaissance humanist]], [[Conrad Celtes]] traveled to Poland to meet and learn astrology from Brudzewski.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> They became friends and exchanged letters even after Celtes departure.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Brudzewski lectured on arithmetic, optics, Peuerbach astronomy and [[Mashallah ibn Athari]] works.<ref name=":7" /> In 1490, he earned a bachelor in theology,<ref name=":7" /> and from then onwards he lectured only on [[Aristotle]]'s philosophy and his work [[On the Heavens|''On the Heavens'']].<ref name=":5" /> These lectures were attended by [[Nicolaus Copernicus#Education|Nicolaus Copernicus]], who enrolled at the academy from 1491 to 1495.<ref name=":3" /> It is possible that Brudzewski also discussed other topics with Copernicus privately.<ref name=":7" /> Cartographer and friend of Copernicus [[Bernard Wapowski]] also studied under Brudzewski.<ref name=":3" />

=== Depart to Vilnius ===
In 1494, Brudzewski left Krakow.<ref name=":5" /> In [[Vilnius]], he engaged as secretary at the service of the Grand Duke of Lithuania [[Aleksander Jagiellon]], who will later become [[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]] after the death of Brudzewki.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> It was in Vilnius that Albert wrote his treatise, ''Conciliator'', the original of which has not yet been found.{{Cn|date=March 2025}}

Albert of Brudzewo died in Vilnius circa 1497.