Editing Albany, Oregon (section)

==History==
In the historical era, the area of the [[Willamette Valley]] that makes up modern-day Albany was inhabited by one of the tribes of the [[Kalapuya]],<ref name="DoL">{{cite web|url=http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/kalapuyan.html |title=Kalapuyan |publisher=University of Oregon Department of Linguistics |access-date=2010-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614120457/http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/kalapuyan.html |archive-date=2010-06-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Kalapuyans: Willamette Valley Indians| publisher = Center for Columbia River History| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/cottage/kalapuya.htm| access-date = 2010-07-04| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100706182800/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/cottage/kalapuya.htm| archive-date = 2010-07-06}}</ref> a [[Oregon Penutian languages|Penutian]]-speaking,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kalapuya: a language of USA |publisher=Ethnologue: Languages of the world |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=KAL |access-date=2010-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124063729/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=KAL |archive-date=2006-11-24 }}</ref> [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people.<ref>{{cite web| title = Kalapuya & the U.S. Government| publisher = Center for Columbia River History| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/cottage/gov.htm| access-date = 2010-07-04| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100706182528/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/cottage/gov.htm| archive-date = 2010-07-06}}</ref> The Kalapuya had named the area ''Takenah'',<ref name="CoA">{{cite web| title =  Albany History| publisher = City of Albany| url = http://www.ci.albany.or.us/about/history.php| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070410215731/http://www.ci.albany.or.us/about/history.php| archive-date= 2007-04-10| url-status= live}}</ref> a Kalapuyan word used to describe the deep pool at the confluence of the [[Calapooia River|Calapooia]] and [[Willamette River|Willamette]] rivers.<ref name="CoA"/><ref name="OGN">{{cite book | last = McArthur | first = Lewis A. | author-link = Lewis A. McArthur |author2= [[Lewis L. McArthur]] | title = [[Oregon Geographic Names]] | orig-year = 1928 | edition = Seventh | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Oregon Historical Society]] Press | location = [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]] | isbn = 0-87595-277-1 | page = 12}}</ref> A variation of the place name can also be written as Tekenah.

The Kalapuya population in the valley was between 4,000 and 20,000 before contact with Europeans, but they suffered high mortality from new infectious diseases introduced shortly afterward. The tribes were decimated by a [[smallpox]] [[epidemic]] that raged through the [[Pacific Northwest]] in 1782–83. A [[malaria]] outbreak swept through the region between 1830 and 1833. It is estimated that as many as 90&nbsp;percent of the Kalapuya population died during this period.<ref name=Nch>{{cite book |last= Hunn |first= Eugene S. |title= Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River" |publisher= [[University of Washington Press]] |year= 1990 |pages=27–32 |isbn= 0-295-97119-3}}</ref> That, coupled with the [[Kalapuya people|treaties]] signed during the 1850s by the Kalapuya to cede land to the United States, left the area nearly free for [[European Americans]] to settle.<ref name="DoL"/>

===19th century===
Originally a farmer from Iowa, Abner Hackleman arrived as the first European American settler in 1845. Taking up a land claim for himself, Hackleman asked Hiram N. Smead to hold another for him until his son arrived from Iowa. In 1846, a year after arriving in Oregon, Hackleman died while returning to Iowa to fetch his family.<ref name="Hackleman">{{cite web | url= http://www.cityofalbany.net/comdev/historic/dist/hackleman.php | title= The Hackleman National Register District | publisher= City of Albany | access-date= 2010-07-13}}</ref> In 1847 a pair of brothers, Walter and Thomas Monteith, settled in the area, after traveling by ox team along the [[Oregon Trail]]<ref name="monteith">{{cite web | url= http://albanyvisitors.com/historic-albany/museums/monteith-house/ | title=  Monteith House | publisher= Albany Visitors Association | access-date= 2010-07-12}}</ref> from their native state of New York. They were a family of early prominence in the area; in 1848,<ref name="cityofalbany.net"/> they bought a claim of {{convert|320|acre|km2}} from Hiram Smead for $400 and a horse; they plotted out {{convert|60|acre|m2}} for the town site.<ref name="CoA"/><ref name="OGN"/><ref name="monteith"/> They named the city "Albany" after their hometown of [[Albany, New York|Albany]] in New York.<ref name="NPS">{{cite web|title=Illustrating Four Treatments in Oregon |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/tps/education/workingonthepast/case_studies/monteith1.htm |access-date=2021-02-12 }}</ref> During the same period, Hackleman's son Abram reached his father's original land claim and built a log house in an oak grove still known as Hackleman's Grove. He later built a house, which still stands at the corner of Fifth and Jackson. The small settlement that formed on the Hackleman land became known as the community of Takenah in 1849.<ref name="Hackleman"/>
[[File:Albany, Oregon, West Shore magazine, 1887.jpg|thumb|Albany, Oregon, 1887]]

During this early period, the Monteith and Hackleman families were literally and politically on opposite sides of the fence. Residents in the Monteiths' portion of town were mainly Yankee merchants and professionals from the [[Upper Midwest]] and [[New England]], who aligned with the Republican Party. They tended to sympathize with the Union during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The residents in Hackleman's portion of town to the east were made up mostly of working-class [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] from the [[Upland South]]/Lower Midwest who were split between supporting the Union and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. The two sides planted a hedge near Baker Street separating their sides of town.<ref name="Monteith">{{cite web | url= http://www.cityofalbany.net/comdev/historic/dist/monteith.php | title= The Monteith National Register District | publisher= City of Albany | access-date= 2010-07-13}}</ref>

With help from Samuel Althouse,<ref name="monteith"/> the Monteiths built the first [[Framing (construction)|frame house]] in Albany in 1849.<ref name="OGN"/> The [[Thomas and Walter Monteith House|Monteith House]] was considered the finest house in Oregon at the time.<ref name="OGN"/> That same year the start of the [[California Gold Rush]] had caught the attention of the Monteith brothers, who provided supplies to the gold fields; their profits were seed money for several new businesses in Albany,<ref name="monteith"/> including the [[general store]].<ref name="OGN"/><ref name="NPS"/> After the Monteiths developed these businesses, Albany became a major hub city in the Willamette Valley.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

Albany's first school was established in 1851 by the town's first physician, R. C. Hill. The first school teacher was Eleanor B. Hackleman, wife of Abram Hackleman.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.linncountyroots.com/Cemeteries/Riverside.htm | title= Linn County Cemeteries: Riverside | year=2001 | publisher=  Linn County Roots | access-date= 2010-07-16}}</ref> It was not until 1855 that a building was specifically erected for use as a school.<ref name="CoA"/> In 1852, the first [[steamboat]], the ''[[Multnomah (sidewheeler 1851)|Multnomah]]'',<ref name="Monteith"/> arrived and the first flour mill was built.<ref name="OGN"/>
[[File:Linn County Courthouse Oregon.JPG|thumb|left|Linn County courthouse in Albany]]

On January 8, 1850, a U.S. post office was established in Albany, with John Burkhart appointed as the first U.S. [[Postmaster]].<ref name="CoA"/><ref>{{cite web| title =  Albany Oregon History | publisher = All-Oregon.com | url =http://www.all-oregon.com/city/albany/history.htm | access-date = 2010-07-06}}</ref> The town was renamed as "New Albany" on November&nbsp;4, 1850,<ref name="OGN"/> but the name was changed back to Albany in 1853. In 1851, Albany was designated as the county seat, replacing Calapooia (near modern-day [[Brownsville, Oregon|Brownsville]] and [[Sweet Home, Oregon|Sweet Home]]),<ref>{{cite web | url= https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/records/county/Pages/linn-history.aspx | title= Oregon Historical County Records Guide | access-date=2010-07-12}}</ref> and all court meetings were held there. The first Albany [[courthouse]] was built in 1852 on {{convert|10|acre|ha}} of land donated by the Monteiths to ensure Albany would remain the county seat. The new two-story octagonal courthouse was completed on April&nbsp;26, 1853. The courthouse has since been replaced, but the new courthouse stands on the same site.<ref name="CoA"/>

During 1853–1854, residents of the east side of Albany persuaded the [[Oregon Legislative Assembly]] to name both towns Takenah.<ref name="CoA"/> Though ''Takenah'' meant "deep pool," in reference to the confluence of the Calapooia and Willamette rivers, it was commonly translated as "Hole in the Ground".<ref name="OGN"/> Partially due to this translation, the legislature restored the name ''Albany'' to the town in 1855.<ref name="OGN"/> Finally in 1864, 16 years after the Monteiths founded the town and 19 years after the first European Americans arrived, it became incorporated as a city.<ref name="OGN"/><ref name=Oregon>Corning, Howard M. ''Dictionary of Oregon History''. Binfords & Mort Publishing, 1956.</ref>
[[File:Occident (sternwheeler 1875).jpg|thumb|Sidewheel steamboat ''Occident'', at Albany, near Red Crown Mills]]
[[File:Albany-Oregon-before-1889.tiff|thumb|View of bucolic Albany during the 1880s]]

In 1871, the trains first reached Albany, connecting it to other towns in the valley. The arrival of the first train was celebrated as the greatest event in Albany's history. Albany businessmen raised $50,000 to ensure that the rails would be built through the city, instead of bypassing it a few miles eastward. The train brought the farmers' markets closer to the city, as stagecoaches and steamboats gave way to the railroad. The world's longest wooden railroad drawbridge was built in 1888 for the Albany-Corvallis run. By 1910, 28 passenger trains departed daily from Albany going in five directions.<ref name="CoA"/>

In 1872, the Santiam Ditch and Canal Company was organized, and a canal running from the Santiam near Lebanon was completed that autumn. The canal runs {{convert|18|mi|km}}<ref name="APW">c{{cite web | title = Public Works/Water | publisher = City of Albany | url = http://www.ci.albany.or.us/publicworks/water/ | access-date = 2010-07-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Ingalls | first = Cathy | title = Santiam Canal: Questions and answers  | date= 2008-07-11 | work = Albany Democrat-Herald| url = http://www.democratherald.com/news/local/article_7d63ba2c-dce1-5260-b13f-dd0945881247.html| access-date = 2010-07-05}}</ref> from the south side of Albany and divides at the corner of Vine and Eight streets, with one branch running down Vine Street and emptying into [[Calapooya Creek|Calapooia Creek]], with a drop of {{convert|32|ft|m}}. The other runs down Eighth to Thurston Street.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.linncountyroots.com/Towns/Albany2.htm | title = City of Albany | year = 1941 | publisher = Linn County Roots | access-date = 2010-07-06 }}</ref>

===20th century===
In 1924 Pacific Power installed a turbine where the canal meets the river to generate electricity. In 1984 the city bought the water system from Pacific Power, and shut down the plant in 1991. By 2003 the city had approved a plan to restart the four megawatt-hour hydroelectric plant and in February 2009 the plant opened again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://albanyvisitors.com/hydropower-dedication/ |title=Hydropower Dedication Ceremony and Tours |first=Diane |last=Taniguchi-Dennis |year=2009 |publisher=Albany Visitors Association |access-date=2010-07-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116061748/http://albanyvisitors.com/hydropower-dedication/ |archive-date=2010-01-16 }}</ref> Albany was the headquarters for the Mountain States Power Company from its establishment in 1918 until its merger into Pacific Power & Light (now [[PacifiCorp]]) in 1954.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

In the 1940s, the city started the [[Albany World Championship Timber Carnival]], which drew competitors from all over the world to participate in logging skills contests. The event took place over the four days of the Fourth of July weekend. Men and women would compete in climbing, chopping, bucking, and burling contests. In 2001 the carnival was cancelled because of smaller crowds and the state's declining timber economy.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/narratives/subtopic.cfm?subtopic_ID=147 | title= Education, Arts, and Letters: Cultural Enterprises | publisher= Oregon History project | access-date= 2010-07-11}}</ref>
[[File:Oregon Electric train passing through Albany, Oregon (3230126720).jpg|thumb|An [[Oregon Electric Railway]] train passing through Albany, Oregon, c. 1910s]]
In 1916 [[Kuo-Ching Li]], a Chinese-American engineer, founded [[Wah Chang Corporation|Wah Chang Trading Corporation]] in New York State, but it was based in Albany.<ref name=oregonian-1961mar>{{cite news|title=Albany Plant Official Dies [obituary of Kuo-Ching Li]|work=The Oregonian|date=March 9, 1961|page=9}}</ref> He developed it as an international [[tungsten]] ore and concentrate trading company, leading the company until his death in 1961. He served as president until 1960 and then board chairman.<ref name=oregonian-1961mar/>

The [[U.S. Bureau of Mines]] established [[Albany Research Center]] (ARC) on the former [[Albany College]] campus in 1942, focusing on the development of new metallurgical processes. First known as the Northwest Electro-development Facility, the site eventually produced titanium and zirconium, spearheaded by [[William Justin Kroll]] whom the bureau hired in 1945. The first zirconium strip was rolled out there in August 1946. In 1951, William Kroll joined the faculty of [[Oregon State College]], ten miles away in [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]].

The ARC fostered the growth of a new rare metals industry in Albany, led by internationally recognized companies such as the Oregon Metallurgical Company, Oremet, and Wah Chang.<ref name=oe1>{{cite encyclopedia | url =http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/albany | title = Albany | first = Mark | last = Spence | year = 2008 | encyclopedia = The Oregon Encyclopedia|publisher=Portland State University| access-date = 2010-07-06}}</ref> In the 1970s, Albany attempted to extend its city limits to include a zirconium processing plant of [[Wah Chang Corporation]] in order to increase its industrial tax base. Wah Chang responded in 1974 by sponsoring a vote to incorporate the desired properties as [[Millersburg, Oregon|Millersburg]].<ref name=am1>{{cite web|url=http://www.albany-millersburg.com/millersburg.htm |title=City of Millersburg |publisher=City of Millersburg |access-date=2010-07-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916023853/http://www.albany-millersburg.com/millersburg.htm |archive-date=2010-09-16 }}</ref><!--And? what was the outcome?  -->

When the Bureau of Mines closed in 1996, the ARC was transferred to the [[United States Department of Energy]]'s Office of Fossil Energy. In 2005 the facility became part of the [[National Energy Technology Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ARC History|url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/about/netl-history/arc-history|website=National Energy Technology Laboratory|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=April 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419100735/http://www.netl.doe.gov/about/netl-history/arc-history|url-status=dead}}</ref>