Editing Acoustic coupler (section)

==History and applications==
{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=September 2010}}
Prior to its [[Bell System divestiture|breakup]] in 1984, [[Bell System]]'s legal monopoly over [[telephony]] in the United States allowed the company to impose strict rules on how consumers could access their network. Customers were prohibited from connecting equipment not made or sold by Bell to the network. The same set-up was operative in nearly all countries, where the telephone companies were nationally owned. In many households, telephones were hard-wired to wall terminals before connectors like [[RJ11]] and [[BS 6312]] became standardized.

The situation was similar in other countries. In Australia, until 1975 the [[Postmaster-General's Department|PMG]], a [[Government monopoly]], owned all telephone wiring and equipment in user premises and prohibited attachment of third party devices, and while most handsets were connected by [[600 series connector]]s, these were rare in Australia so imported equipment could not be directly connected in any case, despite the general electrical compatibility.

It was not until a landmark U.S. court ruling regarding the [[Hush-A-Phone v. United States|Hush-A-Phone]] in 1956 that the use of a phone attachment (by a third party vendor) was allowed for the first time; though [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]'s right to regulate any device connected to the telephone system was upheld by the courts, they were instructed to cease interference towards Hush-A-Phone users.<ref>"Phone Company Upheld in Ban on Hush-A-Phone," ''The New York Times,'' February 17, 1951, p. 29</ref> A second court decision in 1968 regarding the [[Carterfone]] further allowed ''any device not harmful to the system'' to be connected directly to the AT&T network. This decision enabled the proliferation of later innovations like [[answering machine]]s, [[fax]] machines, and [[modems]].

When inventors began developing devices to send non-voice signals over a telephone line, the need for a workaround for the Bell restrictions was apparent.  As early as 1937, [[telefax]] machines used by newspapers were using some kind of couplers, possibly acoustic but more likely magnetic for single-directional communication.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/SpotNews1937 Spot News], film, Chevrolet Motors Division of the General Motors Sales Corporation, 1937; this film is a 9:15 minute dramatic explanation of how newspapers transmitted photographs over telephone lines.  The man sending the Fax places the telephone earpiece on the coupler at 3:14 before the explanation.  The diagram shown at 6:30 clearly shows the earpiece on the coupler in the data path from fax scanner to receiver.</ref>  Multiplexed bidirectional telephone coupling was not needed by these early fax machines.

[[Robert Weitbrecht]] created a workaround for the Bell restrictions in 1963. He developed a coupling device that converted sound from the ear piece of the telephone handset to electrical signals, and converted the electrical pulses coming from the [[teletypewriter]] to sound that goes into the mouth piece of the telephone handset. His acoustic coupler is known as the Weitbrecht Modem.<ref>Lang, Harry G. (2000). A Phone of Our Own: the Deaf Insurrection Against Ma Bell. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-56368-090-8}}; {{OCLC|59576008}}</ref>

The Weitbrecht Modem inspired other engineers to develop other modems to work with 8-bit ASCII terminals at a faster rate. Such modems or couplers were developed around 1966 by [[John van Geen]] at the Stanford Research Institute (now [[SRI International]]), that mimicked handset operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1966|title=Timeline of Computer History|publisher=Computer History Museum|access-date=2007-02-12}}</ref> An early commercial model was built by Livermore Data Systems in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/3-2-Modem.htm |title=Acoustic Modem, with text [Gio] (1968)}} Infolab Museum</ref> One would dial the computer system (which would have telephone company datasets) on one's phone, and when the connection was established, place the handset into the acoustic modem. 
Since the handsets were all supplied by the telephone company, most had the same shape, simplifying the physical interface. A microphone and a speaker inside the modem box would pick up and transmit the signaling tones, and circuitry would convert those audio [[frequency-shift keying]] encoded binary signals for an RS232 output socket. With luck one could get 300 baud (~bits/second) transmission rates, but 150 baud was more typical. 
That speed was sufficient for typewriter-based terminals, as the [[IBM Selectric typewriter|IBM 2741]], running at 134.5 baud, or a [[teleprinter]], running at 110 baud.

The practical upper limit for acoustic-coupled modems was 1200 baud, first made available in 1973 by Vadic and 1977 by AT&T. 1200 baud endpoints became widespread in 1985 with the advent of the Hayes Smartmodem 1200A, though it used an RJ11 jack and was not an acoustic coupler. Such devices facilitated the creation of dial-up [[bulletin board system]]s, a forerunner of modern internet [[chat rooms]], [[message board]]s, and [[e-mail]].