Editing Accounting (section)

==History==
{{main article|History of accounting}}
[[File:Pacioli.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|''[[Portrait of Luca Pacioli]]'', painted by [[Jacopo de' Barbari]], 1495 ([[Museo di Capodimonte]])]]
Accounting is thousands of years old and can be traced to [[Ancient history|ancient]] [[civilization]]s.<ref name = "R 1992">Robson, Keith. 1992. "Accounting Numbers as 'inscription': Action at a Distance and the Development of Accounting." ''Accounting, Organizations and Society'' 17 (7): 685–708.</ref><ref name="NYSSCPA 2003">{{Citation | url =http://www.nysscpa.org/trustedprof/archive/1103/tp24.htm | title =A History of ACCOUNTANCY | publisher =New York State Society of CPAs | date =November 2003 | access-date =28 December 2013 | archive-date =1 January 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150101061851/http://www.nysscpa.org/trustedprof/archive/1103/tp24.htm | url-status =live }}</ref><ref name="UniSA 2013">{{Citation | url =http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/about/exhibitions/historyacc.aspx | title =The History of Accounting | publisher =University of South Australia | date =30 April 2013 | access-date =28 December 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131228180919/http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/about/exhibitions/historyacc.aspx | archive-date =28 December 2013 | url-status =dead }}</ref> One early development of accounting dates back to ancient [[Mesopotamia]] and is closely related to developments in [[writing]], [[counting]] and [[money]];<ref name = "R 1992" /> there is also evidence of early forms of [[bookkeeping]] in ancient [[Iran]],<ref name = "G 1980">{{cite book|last=کشاورزی|first=کیخسرو|title=تاریخ ایران از زمان باستان تا امروز (Translated from Russian by Grantovsky, E.A.) | year=1980 | pages=39–40 | language=fa}}</ref><ref name = "OD 2008">Oldroyd, David & Dobie, Alisdair: ''Themes in the history of bookkeeping'', The Routledge Companion to Accounting History, London, July 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-415-41094-6}}, Chapter 5, p. 96</ref> and early [[auditing]] systems by the ancient [[Egyptians]] and [[Babylonians]].<ref name = "NYSSCPA 2003" /> By the time of Emperor [[Augustus]], the [[Ancient Roman Government|Roman government]] had access to detailed financial information.<ref name="O 1995">{{Cite journal|last=Oldroyd |first=David |title=The role of accounting in public expenditure and monetary policy in the first century AD Roman Empire |journal=The Accounting Historians Journal |volume=22 |issue=2 |date=December 1995 |pages=117–129 |publisher=Academy of Accounting Historians |doi=10.2308/0148-4184.22.2.117 |jstor=40698165}}</ref>

Many concepts related to today's accounting seem to be initiated in medieval's Middle East. For example, Jewish communities used [[double-entry bookkeeping]] in the early-medieval period<ref>Parker, L. M., "Medieval Traders as International Change Agents: A Comparison with Twentieth Century International Accounting Firms", The Accounting Historians Journal, 16(2) (1989): 107–118.</ref><ref>''Medieval Traders as International Change Agents: a Comment'', Michael Scorgie, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 137–143</ref> and Muslim societies, at least since the 10th century also used many modern accounting concepts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamid |first1=Shaari |last2=Craig |first2=Russell |last3=Clarke |first3=Frank |title=Bookkeeping and accounting control systems in a tenth-century Muslim administrative office |journal=Accounting, Business & Financial History |date=January 1995 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=321–333 |doi=10.1080/09585209500000049 }}</ref>

The spread of the use of [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Arabic numerals]], instead of the [[Roman numerals|Roman numbers]] historically used in Europe, increased efficiency of accounting procedures among Mediterranean merchants,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Danna |first1=Rafael |title=The spread of Hindu-Arabic numerals in the tradition of European practical mathematics: A socio-economic perspective, thirteenth-sixteenth centuries |journal=Conference: The Economic History Society |date=5–7 April 2019}}</ref> who further refined accounting in [[medieval Europe]].<ref name="logica.ugent.be">{{cite web |last=Heeffer |first=Albrecht |title=On the curious historical coincidence of algebra and double-entry bookkeeping |work= Foundations of the Formal Sciences |publisher=[[Ghent University]] |date=November 2009 | page=11 |url=http://logica.ugent.be/albrecht/thesis/FOTFS2008-Heeffer.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://logica.ugent.be/albrecht/thesis/FOTFS2008-Heeffer.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the development of [[Joint-stock company|joint-stock companies]], accounting split into [[financial accounting]] and [[management accounting]].

The first published work on a [[double-entry bookkeeping system]] was the ''[[Summa de arithmetica]]'', published in [[Italy]] in 1494 by [[Luca Pacioli]] (the "Father of Accounting").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-mariotti/so-who-invented-double-en_b_3588941.html|title=So, Who Invented Double Entry Bookkeeping? Luca Pacioli or Benedikt Kotruljević?|last=Mariotti|first=Steve|date=12 July 2013|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910062611/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-mariotti/so-who-invented-double-en_b_3588941.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "LW 1994">{{Cite journal|last1=Lauwers |first1=Luc |last2=Willekens |first2=Marleen |title=Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli |journal=Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management |year=1994 |volume=XXXIX |issue=3 |page=302 |format=PDF download |publisher=[[KU Leuven]] |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/119065/1/TEM1994-3_289-304p.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820033441/https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/119065/1/TEM1994-3_289-304p.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Accounting began to transition into an organized profession in the 19th century,<ref name="ICAEW 2013">{{Citation | url =https://www.icaew.com/en/library/subject-gateways/accounting-history/resources/timeline | title =Timeline of the History of the Accountancy Profession | publisher =Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales | year =2013 | access-date =28 December 2013 | archive-date =11 October 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141011141621/http://www.icaew.com/en/library/subject-gateways/accounting-history/resources/timeline | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sazeff/PDF/Horizons,%20Part%20I%20(print).pdf |title=How the U.S. Accounting Profession Got Where It Is Today: Part I |author=Stephen A. Zeff |journal=Accounting Horizons |pages=189–205 |volume=17 |issue=3 |date=2003 |doi=10.2308/acch.2003.17.3.189 |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721003409/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sazeff/PDF/Horizons,%20Part%20I%20(print).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> with local [[professional bodies]] in England merging to form the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales]] in 1880.<ref name="Perks16">{{cite book |author=Perks, R. W. |year=1993 |title=Accounting and Society |publisher=Chapman & Hall |location=London |isbn= 978-0-412-47330-2 |page=16 }}</ref>