Editing Académie Julian (section)

==History==
[[File:Rodolphe Julian (artist).jpg|thumb|[[Rodolphe Julian]] (1839&ndash;1907), founder of the Académie Julian]]
[[File:Les professeurs de l'Académie Julian vers 1892.jpg|thumb|Teachers at Académie Julian {{circa|1892}}]]
Rodolphe Julian established the Académie Julian in 1868 at the [[Passage des Panoramas]], as a private studio school for art students.<ref name="tate">Tate Gallery, [http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/a/academie-julian "Académie Julian."]</ref>
The Académie Julian not only prepared students for the exams at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|École des Beaux-Arts]], but offered independent alternative education and training in arts. "Founded at a time when art was about to undergo a long series of crucial mutations, the Academie Julian played host to painters and sculptors of every kind and persuasion and never tried to make them hew to any one particular line".<ref name="New York Times"/>

In 1880, women who were not allowed to enroll for study to the [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|École des Beaux-Arts]] were accepted by the new Académie Julian. Foreign applicants who had been deterred from entering the Ecole des Beaux Arts by a vicious French language examination<ref name="Oxgfordindex"/> were welcome at the Académie Julian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/38023429/Women-of-the-Academie-Julian|title=Women of the Academie Julian - Paris - French Art|website=Scribd}}</ref>
Men and women were trained separately, and women participated in the same studies as men, including drawing and painting of nude models.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6BgRGJO3KYC&pg=PA48|title=Artistic Relations: Literature and the Visual Arts in Nineteenth-century France|first=Peter|last=Collier|date=30 March 1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300060092}}</ref><ref name="farmer">{{cite magazine|last=Farmer|first=J David|issue=April/May 2000|title=Overcoming All Obstacles: The Women of the Académie Julian – An Exhibition Organized by the Dahesh Museum|url=http://www.californiaartclub.org/newsletter/articles/article_julian1.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010171216/http://californiaartclub.org/newsletter/articles/article_julian1.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2008 |magazine=California Art Club Newsletter |access-date=29 September 2016 }}</ref> "Human exchange went forward in an atmosphere that was collegial, easygoing and mutually supportive. It nurtured some of the best artists of the day".<ref name="New York Times"/>

Académie Julian became popular as fertile ground with French as well as foreign students from diverse [[Social class|backgrounds]] from all over the world,<ref name="Visualartscork"/> from the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite book|author=David Charles Rose|title=Oscar Wilde's Elegant Republic: Transformation, Dislocation and Fantasy in fin-de-siècle Paris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P606DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-8360-3|page=37}}</ref> Canada,<ref>(fr) and (en) [https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/5900 papyrus.bib, University of Montreal]</ref> Hungary,<ref>(fr) [https://books.google.com/books?id=iRlGAQAAIAAJ Sophie Barthélémy, Musée d'art moderne (Céret, France), Musée Matisse (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, France), Musée des beaux-arts de Dijon, ''Fauves hongrois, 1904-1914'']</ref> and particularly the [[United States]];<ref name="New York Times"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/americans-in-paris-142969305/|title=Americans in Paris|first=Arthur|last=Lubow|website=Smithsonian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C&pg=PA909|title=France and the Americas|first=Bill|last=Marshall|date=30 March 2019|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851094110}}</ref> French art critic Egmont Arens wrote in 1924 that American art, at least for a period of time, reflected the teachings of Académie Julian.<ref>(fr)[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9690963c/f220.item.r=%22Acad%C3%A9mie%20Julian%22.zoom ''La Renaissance de l'art français et des industries de luxe'', 1924]</ref> In 1989, on the occasion of the exhibition at the Shepherd Gallery, in Manhattan, devoted to the Academie Julian in Paris as it existed between 1868 and 1939, John Russell wrote:

<blockquote>By my count, more than 50 nationalities were represented at the school during its glory years. To be at the Academie Julian was to be exposed to a kind of white magic that seems to have worked in almost every case. What was learned there stayed forever with alumnus and alumna, and it related as much to the conduct of life as to the uses of brush and chisel. – in ''[[The New York Times]]'', John Russell: "An Art School That Also Taught Life", 19 March 1989.<ref name="New York Times"/></blockquote>

The South African painter Strat Caldecott (1886–1929) worked and studied at the Académie Julian in preparation for his admission to the Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts. He vividly described the Académie Julian as: "A huge room, lighted from above, and smelling strongly of turpentine; tobacco-smoke, sweat and garlic, for the models were mostly children of the South. A room plastered to the full height of a man's reach with palette scrapings whose many colours mingled to make a warm grey background, hung with the prize studies of decades of ''concourse'', furnished with a huge Godin stove, and tall grass-plaited stools, and a heavy mobile podium on which the model was posed each week by a quarreling agora of tousle-headed youths."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scholtz |first1=J de P |author1-link=Johannes du Plessis Scholtz |title=Strat Caldecott 1886-1929 |date=1970 |publisher=A.A. Balkema |location=Cape Town |oclc=	946503726}}</ref>

The early success of the Académie was also secured by the famous and respected artists whom Rodolphe Julian employed as instructors: [[Adolphe William Bouguereau]] (1825–1905), [[Henri Royer]], [[Jean-Paul Laurens]], [[Gabriel Ferrier]], [[Tony Robert-Fleury]], [[Jules Lefebvre]],  and other leading artists of that time trained in [[Academic art]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k113084h/f200.image.r=%22Acad%C3%A9mie%20Julian%22 Gallica, French-archives, ''Les plaisirs et les curiosités de Paris'', 1889, p. 193 ]</ref> Eventually, Académie Julian students were granted the right to compete for the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', a prize awarded to promising young artists.<ref name="chilvers6">
Chilvers, Ian, ed. (2004). "Académie," {{Google books|WYaRX58a0_IC| ''Oxford Dictionary of Art'', p.&nbsp;5–6.|page=5}}</ref> and participate in the major [[Salon (Paris)|"Salons" or art exhibitions]].

In the late 19th century the term ''[[L'art pompier]]'' had entered the scene as a derisive term for the traditional academic art espoused by the Académie's instructors. As a result, the Académie Julian embraced a more liberal regime pushing a less conservative, more sincere approach to art<ref name="Oxgfordindex"/> which corresponded to the [[Secession (art)|Secessionist art]] movement in Germany and the [[Vienna Secession]] in Austria. It was followed and fully articulated by the [[Les Nabis|Nabis]], an [[avant-garde]] movement<ref>[http://artuk.org/discover/artists/meidner-ludwig-18841966 artuk.org, student ''Ludwig Meidner (...) was unaffected by avant-garde developments there''.]</ref> that participated in paving the way to [[modern art]] in 1888–1889.<ref name="tate"/>

Over time, Académie Julian opened schools in other locations. In addition to the original school at Passage des Panoramas, studios were at no. 5 Rue de Berri in the [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th arrondissement]], no. 31 Rue du Dragon in the 6th arrondissement, no. 51, rue Vivienne in the [[2nd arrondissement of Paris|2nd arrondissement]] for female student artists, overseen by painter [[Amélie Beaury-Saurel]], Julian's spouse. Subsequent faculty included former students ([[Edgar Chahine]], for example).<br />
<gallery class="center">
File:Academie Julian, Paris, group of art students.jpg|group of art students at Académie Julian
File:'Bouguereau's Atelier at Académie Julian, Paris' Jefferson David Chalfant.JPG|'Bouguereau's Atelier at Académie Julian
File:1886 group portrait Academie Julian.png|1886, group portrait, Académie Julian
File:Académie Julian 1889.jpg|Académie Julian
File:Marie Bashkirtseff 03.jpg|[[Marie Bashkirtseff]] – Académie Julian
File:Academie Julian.jpg|Rob Wagner training at the Académie Julian in 1903.
</gallery>

Académie Julian remained open during [[World War I]], albeit with a lesser number of students. By contrast during [[World War II]], after the 1941 exhibition ''Vingt jeunes peintres de tradition française''<ref>[http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100314200?rskey=kQ3fEi&result=8 Oxfrord index ''Peintres de Tradition Française'']</ref> considerations on "[[degenerate art]]" by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German military administration]] forced the school to close. In 1946 some of the studios were sold.

For his services to the arts, Rodolphe Julian, described by the Anglo-Irish novelist and critic [[George Moore (novelist)|
George Moore]] as ''a kind of Hercules, dark-haired, strong, with broad shoulders, short legs, a soft voice and all the charm of the Midi'' was awarded the [[Legion of Honour]].<ref name="New York Times"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00096321|title=JULIAN, Rodolphe (1839 - 1907), Painter, engraver, illustrator : Benezit Dictionary of Artists - oi|chapter=Julian, Rodolphe |website=oxfordindex.oup.com|date=31 October 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00096321}}</ref>

The artist records still extant are those of the men's section, covering the 1870–1932 period, and those of the women's section, covering the 1880–1907 period.

In 1968, an important year in France's history with the [[May 1968 events in France|May events]], particularly in relation to education, the Académie Julian integrated with ESAG Penninghen.<ref>[http://www.penninghen.com/historique penninghen.com, historique, ''From Académie Jullian to ESAG Penninghen'']</ref>