Editing 9th millennium BC (section)

==Global environment==
In the [[geologic time scale]], the first [[stage (stratigraphy)|stratigraphic stage]] of the [[Holocene]] is the "[[Greenlandian]]" from about 9700 BC to the fixed date 6236 BC and so including the whole of the 9th millennium. The starting point for the Greenlandian has been correlated with the end of the [[Younger Dryas]] and a climate shift from near-glacial to interglacial, causing glaciers to retreat and sea levels to rise.<ref name="ICC">{{cite web |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2019-05.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2019-05.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=International Chronostratigraphic Chart |publisher=International Commission on Stratigraphy |last1=Cohen |first1=K. M. |last2=Finney |first2=S. C. |last3=Gibbard |first3=P. L. |last4=Fan |first4=J.-X. |date=May 2019 |access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="FRS">{{cite journal |url=http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Walker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Walker-et-al.-2018_Episodes_online.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) |author=Mike Walker & others |journal=Episodes |publisher=Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=11 November 2019}} ''This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)''.</ref>

It has been estimated that the [[Bering Land Bridge]] was inundated around 8500 BC by the rising sea levels so that North America and Asia were again separated by the waters of the [[Bering Strait]] and the [[Chukchi Sea]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |title=Bering Land Bridge |first=Barbara |last=Winter |publisher=SFU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology |access-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428231158/http://www.sfu.museum/journey/an-en/postsecondaire-postsecondary/pont_beringie-beringia_bridge |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is generally believed that there was a migration across the land bridge from eastern Siberia into North America during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]. Sometime after the American glaciers melted, these peoples expanded southward into the wider continent to become the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. After the land bridge was inundated by the rising sea water, no further migration was possible from Siberia.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/382060a0 |title=Life and Times of the Bering Land Bridge |journal=Nature |volume=382 |issue=6,586 |page=60 |year=1996 |last1=Elias |first1=Scott A. |last2=Short |first2=Susan K. |last3=Nelson |first3=C. Hans |last4=Birks |first4=Hilary H. |bibcode=1996Natur.382...60E|s2cid=4347413 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Goebel |first=Ted |author2=Waters, Michael R. |author3=O'Rourke, Dennis H. |year=2008 |title=The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5,869 |pages=1497–1502 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |pmid=18339930 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1497G |citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 |s2cid=36149744 }}</ref>

During the millennium, there were [[List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions|three known volcanic eruptions]] which registered magnitude 5 or more on the [[volcanic explosivity index]] (VEI). These were at [[Ulleungdo]] (''aka'' Ulreung), an island east of the [[Korean Peninsula]] about 8750 BC; [[Grímsvötn]], north east Iceland about 8230 BC; and [[Taupo Caldera]], New Zealand about 8130 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://volcano.si.edu/list_volcano_holocene.cfm |title=Holocene Volcano List |work=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |year=2013 |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> The biggest eruption was at Grímsvötn, VEI 6, producing some {{convert|15|km3|abbr=on}} of [[tephra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=373010 |title=Grímsvötn |work=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |year=2013 |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref>