Editing 863 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===
==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lalakaon]]: A [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army confronts an invasion by Muslim forces, led by [[Umar al-Aqta]], Emir of [[Malatya]]. The Muslims raid deep into Byzantine territory, reaching the [[Black Sea]] coast at the port city of [[Samsun|Amisos]]. Petronas annihilates the Arabs near the River Lalakaon, in [[Paphlagonia (theme)|Paphlagonia]] (modern [[Turkey]]).

==== Europe ====
* [[January 25]] &ndash; Emperor [[Louis II of Italy|Louis II]] claims [[Provence]], after the death of his brother [[Charles of Provence|Charles]]. King [[Lothair II]] receives [[Lower Burgundy]] and a part of the [[Jura Mountains]].
* King [[Louis the German]] suppresses the revolt of his son [[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]] (for the second time), who wants a partition (mainly of [[Bavaria]]) of the [[East Francia|East Frankish Kingdom]].
* Viking raiders again plunder [[Dorestad]] (modern [[Netherlands]]), a [[Frankish Empire|Frankish]] port on the mouth of the river [[Rhine]]. It thereafter disappears from the chronicles.
* Danish [[Vikings]] loot along the Rhine. They settle on an island near [[Cologne]], but are driven off by the combined forces of Lothair II and the [[Saxons]].
* The [[Christianization of Kievan Rus]] begins, ceasing the 63-year-long dominance of the [[Rus' Khaganate]] (approximate date).
* The first written record is made of [[Smolensk]] (according to the [[Primary Chronicle]]).
*The [[Byzantine empire]] invades [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] in order to impose [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] on [[Boris I of Bulgaria|Boris I]].

==== Britain ====
* King [[Osberht of Northumbria]] engages in a dispute for royal power, with a rival claimant named [[Ælla of Northumbria|Ælla]]. After Osberht is replaced, Ælla wields power in [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]], but the [[civil war]] continues.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=D. P. |title=The Earliest English Kings |date=1991 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin|Unwin Hyman]] |isbn=978-0-04-445692-6|edition=Illustrated  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXqXQgAACAAJ |page=197}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[Duan Chengshi]], Chinese author and scholar, writes about the Chinese maritime [[trade]] and the Arab-run [[history of slavery|slave trade]] in [[East Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levathes |first1=Louise |title=When China Ruled The Seas: The Treasure Fleet Of The Dragon Throne 1405-1433 |date=1994 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-671-70158-4 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgUoAQAAMAAJ|page=38}}</ref>

==== Armenia ====
*[[13 February]] – [[863 Dvin earthquake|Dvin earthquake]]. It took place in the city of [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]] on 13 February, 863. During the 9th century, Dvin was the only "heavily populated" city in [[Muslim conquest of Armenia|Muslim-dominated Armenia]]. The city was part of the wider [[Abbasid Caliphate]], and had a multiethnic population.<ref name="Guidoboni">{{citation | last1=Guidoboni | first1= Emanuela | last2=Traina | first2= Giusto| title=A new catalogue of earthquakes in the historical Armenian area from antiquity to the 12th century | year=1995 | journal=Annals of Geophysics | volume= 38 | url =https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/4134 |pages=121–123| doi= 10.4401/ag-4134 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== By topic ===
{{Stack|[[File:KyrilMethod.jpg|thumb|right|[[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril and Methodius]] (left) arrive in [[Greater Moravia|Moravia]]]]}}

==== Religion ====
* [[Pope Nicholas I]] sends archbishops [[Gunther (archbishop of Cologne)|Gunther]] and [[Theotgaud]] to a synod of [[Metz]], which confirms the permission given to King [[Lothair II]] of [[Lotharingia]] to remarry.
* The Byzantine missionaries [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril and Methodius]] arrive with a few [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciple]]s in [[Great Moravia|Moravia]], by request of Prince [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastislav]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barford |first1=Paul M. |title=The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe |date=2001 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC|language=en |pages=109–110}}</ref>
* Nicholas I excommunicates Patriarch [[Photios I of Constantinople]].
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